Purpose To determine prevalence and risk factors for renal scar in children referred for urologic assessment of febrile UTI and/or VUR. Methods Pre-determined risk factors for renal scar were prospectively recorded in consecutive patients referred for UTI/VUR. Age, gender, VUR grade, and reported number of febrile and non-febrile UTIs were analyzed with logistic regression to determine risk for focal cortical defects on non-acute DMSA. Results Of 565 consecutive children, 24 (4%) had congenital renal dysplasia and 84 (15.5%) had focal defect(s). VUR, especially grades IV–V, recurrent febrile UTI, and older age increased risk. For any age child with the same number of UTIs, VUR increased odds of renal defect 5.4-fold (OR = 5.4, 95% CI = 2.7–10.6, AUC = 0.759). Conclusions Focal DMSA defects were present in 15.5% of 565 consecutive children referred for febrile UTI and/or VUR; 4% had presumed congenital reflux nephropathy without cortical defect. All VUR grades increased risk for these defects, as did recurrent febrile UTIs and older age. However, 43% with grades IV–V VUR and 76% with recurrent UTI had normal DMSA.

The canal of Nuck, caused by the failed closure of the processus vaginalis in the female, is the continued outpouching of parietal peritoneum through the inguinal canal to the labia majora. Disorders of the canal of Nuck include hernia and hydrocele. Some canal of Nuck hernias, especially of the ovary, may result in emergent complications such as incarceration, strangulation, and ovarian torsion. Knowledge of canal of Nuck disorders and prompt diagnosis are important to avoid serious complications. Imaging, especially ultrasound, is essential for timely diagnosis, leading to appropriate management and better patient care.

By defining a radiological size cutoff for suspicious lymph nodes, preoperative computerized tomography for staging lymph nodes in Wilms tumor demonstrates potential clinical usefulness through risk stratification for therapy and future study design.

This pilot study was performed to describe changes in arterial flow in completely displaced neurovascularly intact Gartland III pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures using Duplex ultrasonography. This is a prospective study of 11 Gartland type III supracondylar humerus fractures with no cortical continuity but with palpable radial pulse and normal neurologic examination. Duplex ultrasonography was performed on injured and uninjured arms, both preoperatively and postpinning, and interpreted by a board-certified pediatric radiologist. Degree of artery stenosis and peak systolic velocity (PSV) of arterial flow were recorded from the duplex. Ultrasound wrist/brachial indexes (WBI) were calculated using the higher value of the radial/brachial or the ulnar/brachial index. Only three patients had normal Duplexes without stenosis and with flow comparable in the brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries of the affected arm, compared to the unaffected arm, both preoperatively and postpinning. One group of six patients had brachial artery stenosis at the fracture site when compared to the artery proximal to the fracture site, increased PSV at the fracture site compared to proximal to the fracture site, and the WBI was variable when compared to the contralateral side. A third group of two patients also had brachial artery stenosis at the fracture site but had decreased PSV and decreased WBI compared to the contralateral side. Type III supracondylar humerus patients with a normal neurovascular examination may have abnormal Duplex ultrasonography with brachial artery stenosis and elevated peak systolic velocity preoperatively although distal flow remains comparable to the contralateral side. Level of evidence: prognostic – Level II.