Introduction: Intense exercise may cause immunological changes and muscle damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of one session of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction on serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in female athletes. Materials and Methods: In this semiexperimental study, 30 female basketball players were randomly divided into a traditional resistance training group (without blood flow restriction), a resistance training group (with blood flow restriction) and a control group. Blood samples were taken before the first session and 30 minutes after the last training session. T-test and one-way analysis of variance were used for evaluation of within group and between group differences, respectively. All statistical analyses were performed in SPSS (version 23) at significance level of 0.05. Results: Serum level of CK increased significantly in all group, while serum LDH increased significantly only in the experimental groups when compared with pre-test levels (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in serum levels of CK and LDH between the experimental groups and the control group. Conclusions: Resistance training with blood flow restriction and highintensity resistance training without blood flow restriction have similar effects on markers of muscle damage.

Background: There is a great deal of variability in the response of cortisol and testosterone to different methods of exercise training. One of the methods of exercise that is considered today is the exercises with blood flow restriction. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the changes in hormonal levels of testosterone and cortisol following resistance training with and without blood flow restriction in female athletes.Methods: 30 active females aged 23-30 years were randomly divided into three groups: traditional resistance training, resistance training with blood flow restriction and control. Training started with one set of 30 reps and ended with two sets repeated until exhaustion. Blood sampling prior to and immediately after exercise training took place to measure levels of testosterone and cortisol. T-test for comparison within group and one-way ANOVA was used to compare between groups comparison.Results: Results showed no significant increase for testosterone levels in within and between groups comparison. (P=0/724). Also, cortisol levels were significantly increased only in group without blood flow restriction compared to the pre-test (P=0/001). But in between groups comparison, there was a significant increase in serum levels of cortisol in two training groups compared to the control group (P=0/002). Conclusion:It seems that athletes who are in the rehabilitation phase and are not capable of lifting heavy weights, low intensity exercises with blood flow restriction can be replaced with without blood flow restriction exercises with high intensity.

Introduction: Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with an increase in cellular damage due to oxidative stress in pancreatic tissue. The effect of exercise in different phases of the circadian cycle on protecting pancreatic tissue from oxidative stress in diabetic patients is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of endurance training in light and dark phases of circadian rhythm on the oxidative stress index in pancreas of diabetic mice. Methods: In this study, 18 mice from the Naval Medical Research Institute  (26.3±3.22 gr) were selected and after inducing diabetes through high-fat food and Streptozotocin injection (20 mg/kg), randomly divided into 6 groups: light phase healthy control, dark phase healthy control, light phase diabetic control, dark phase diabetic control, light phase diabetic training and dark phase diabetic training. The endurance training protocol (50-60 %Vmax) was performed 5 d/w for 8 weeks. After anesthesia, blood samples and pancreatic tissues were removed. Insulin resistance markers, oxidative stress index and expression of Brain and Muscle ARNT-Like1 protein expression were measured in pancreas of diabetic rats. Data were analyzed by one way analysis of variance at the significance level of p <0.05. Results: The eight weeks of endurance training significantly decreased insulin resistance markers (p= 0.005), oxidative stress index (p ˂0.05) and significantly increased the Bmal1 protein expression (p = 0.009). The mean values of all variables showed significant differences between light and dark phases. Conclusion: Endurance training may improve insulin sensitivity and oxidant damage in diabetic conditions by increasing the function of the antioxidant system and the expression of Circadian regulation proteins. Activity in the dark phase causes further increases the metabolism of cells. As a result, performing these types of exercises in the dark phase is recommended to these patients as a new treatment strategy.

Background & Objective: Decreased levels of physical activity during the COVID-19 epidemic can cause physical and psychological problems for the individual. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between physical activity and control coping styles in the face of the Covid-19 epidemic in Ahvaz, Iran. Materials & Methods: This study is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study and the research population includes females in Hamidiyeh Ahvaz, Iran, who were studying in 2019-2020. In this regard, 208 females were selected based on Cochran’s formula and random sampling for participation in the study. Beck’s physical activity questionnaires and Coping Styles Questionnaire in the face of the COVID-19 epidemic were used to collect data. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to establish statistical relationships. Results: The results only showed a significant relationship between social support coping style and physical activity (physical activity related to leisure time) (r= 0.142, p= 0.044). There was no significant relationship between physical activity (related to work, sport, leisure time and total) and any of the other coping styles (Confrontation, Avoidance, Self-control, Responsibility, Escape and avoid, Problem solving, Positive estimation) (p≥0.05). Conclusion: During the COVID-19 epidemic, physical activity related to leisure time was positively associated with social support coping style but all other cases we did not observe a significant relationship between physical activity and coping styles with Covid-19.