There is no doubt that choosing the excellent technology and operation is one of the keys to achieve sustainable global energy. With the quick advancement in the subsea technology and offshore industry and its influence on the global oil and gas production through the past three decades, an update working knowledge of engaged offshore facilities around the world seems to be essential for a successful petroleum field development. Selection of the most appropriate equipment and process through the early exploitation study stages of developing an offshore petroleum reservoir can determine the right facilities for delivering the greatest value. The current paper gives an overview of characteristics, and features of offshore production facilities, their advantages and disadvantages according to the most common offshore system selection and feasibility studies considerations. It has been tried to point out the most important criteria of the related Issues and concerns during a process and facilities selection for a potential case of installing the subsea completion as well as proposing processes to help in selection of the right concept. Major considerations in the process and facility selection for a petroleum field, such as shore distance, drilling and well intervention, topside weight, utilities, accessibility, regional influences, financial and HSE considerations, and particularly water depth and well count, as well as their influences on the final decision have also been explored. The review also introduces common components of a subsea completion system such as wellheads, manifolds, flowlines and risers, connection systems, control systems and umbilicals, installation tooling, and then it makes a comparison between different types of Xmas trees as well as various well arrangements. Finally, the paper summarizes the subsea development phases for establishing the right concept.

CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels have been identified as the major contributor to the increase in atmospheric CO2 levels that can potentially lead to global climate changes. In this work, an easy-to-use predictive tool which is simpler than existing approaches, less complicated with fewer computations, is formulated to arrive at an appropriate estimation of the water content of carbon dioxide-rich phase. The new developed method works for pressures ranging from 5 to 70 MPa (which covers the pressure that is widely considered in CO2 sequestration) and temperatures from 20 to 75°C. Comparison of predicted results with the reliable experimental data indicated excellent agreement with the average absolute deviations being less than 1.5%. This simple-to-use predictive tool can be of immense practical value for the environmental engineers and scientists to have a quick check on the water content of carbon dioxide-rich phase at various temperatures and pressures without performing any tedious experimental measurements. The proposed method is superior owing to its accuracy and clear numerical background, wherein the relevant coefficients can be retuned quickly for various cases. In particular, personnel dealing with regulatory bodies of greenhouse gas control and process industries would find the proposed approach to be user friendly involving transparent calculations with no complex expressions.

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