No abstract

The structural safety and serviceability during extreme weather, such as floods and storms, is critical. Due to global warming in the last decades, the increase in the intensity of natural disasters, i.e., flood loading and the durability of the road structures and infrastructures, is becoming critical. Bridges and structures lose their capacity because of ageing over time. On the other hand, the load intensity is another reason for the structural damage. Debris loading due to the flooding on bridges is one of the reasons for the increase in flood loading and eventually structural damage. Measuring the level of structural damage under extreme events is vital in determining the vulnerability and resilience of structures during a disaster. A damage index (DI) can be defined as a measurement tool for the levels of structural damage. Oftentimes, damage indices are developed to measure the deterioration of the system under earthquake loading. Little work has been published on damage indices (DIs) under flood loading, where a uniform pressure is applied to a structure. This paper presents a comprehensive review of DIs published in the literature and compares two approaches to assess the system’s damage utilising finite element methodologies. The structure model developed in the ABAQUS software package is used to predict the failure of a concrete component under applied lateral loading. The model is validated using published experimental work. The model is verified, and then it is used to compute the damage indicators using two primary techniques, including a deflection-based method and an energy loss-based approach. Using the two offered DIs, the change in damage levels is displayed underwater flow uniform loading. A comparison of the two methods is conducted. In this paper, differences between the two concepts are analysed and presented.

Background: Doxorubicin is an effective chemotherapeutic drug, but its toxic potential limits its use. Aim: To study the effects of doxorubicin on the relative tissue weight index and hepatic central vein diameter in the albino rats. Study Design: Experimental study Place and Duration of study: Study was conducted on 20 adult albino rats of both male and female gender in the animal house of Anatomy department, (PGMI) Lahore, Pakistan in April 2019. Materials & Methods: Twenty, healthy adult albino rats of either sex, aging 6 to 8 weeks with 180-220 g of weight were randomly allotted to two groups A and B, each group having ten animals. Standard Rat feed and distilled water were given intraperitonially in the dose of 1.2mg/kg/body weight to the control group whereas doxorubicin was given intraperitoneally in the dose of 1.2mg/kg/body weight to the experimental group twice a week for 21 days. Body weight along with relative Tissue Weight Index were measured in gms at the end of the experiment. Diameter of central vein (µm) was assessed histologically. Results: The mean weight of the liver decreased significantly in the experimental group. On the contrary, the relative tissue weight index in all groups were significantly different according to the One-way-ANOVA test. The increase in the diameter of the central vein in the drug administered group commenced on significant basis (p-value < 0.001) Conclusion: Doxorubicin has toxic effect on the relative tissue weight index and hepatic central vein diameter in the albino rats KeyWords: Doxorubicin, Liver weight, relative tissue weight index, Central vein diameter, Liver, Hepatoxicity, Albino rats