MLN4924 is an investigational and a newly discovered small molecule that is a potent and selective inhibitor of the NEDD8 (Neural precursor cell-Expressed Developmentally down-regulated 8) Activating Enzyme (NAE), a pivotal regulator of the Cullin Ring Ligases E3 (CRL), which has been implicated recently in DNA damage. MLN4924 effectively inhibits tumour cell growth by inducing all three common types of death, namely apoptosis, autophagy and senescence and it was also reported that the formation of capillary vessels was significantly suppressed by MLN4924.In this review, we are going to highlight the molecular mechanism of MLN4924 in cancer therapy and its pros and cons in cancer therapy.

The combined chemo-radiotherapy might improve the breast cancer treatment outcome.

CT and its comprehensive usage have become one of the most indispensable components in medical field especially in the diagnosis of several diseases. SECT and DECT have developed CT diagnostic potentials in several means. In this review article we have discussed the basic principles of single-energy and dual-energy computed tomography and their important physical differences which can cause better diagnostic evaluation. Moreover, different organs diagnostic evaluations through single-energy and dual-energy computed tomography have been discussed. Conventional or single-energy CT (SECT) uses a single polychromatic X-ray beam (ranging from 70 to 140 kVp with a standard of 120 kVp) emitted from a single source and received by a single detector. The concept of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) is almost as old as the CT technology itself; DECT initially required substantially higher radiation doses (nearly two times higher than those employed in single-energy CT) and presented problems associated with spatial misregistration of the two different kV image datasets between the two separate acquisitions. The basic principles of single-energy and dual-energy computed tomography and their important physical differences can cause better diagnostic evaluation. Moreover, different organs diagnostic evaluations through single-energy and dual-energy computed tomography have been discussed. According to diverse data and statistics it is controversial to definitely indicate the accurate comparison of image quality and dose amount.

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Analyzing the dose distribution inside target volumes of cancer patients before radiation delivery and then selection of the biologically optimal dose distribution has been one of the crucial steps in recent treatment planning developments. Plan evaluation and optimization have been based on the physical dose distribution and dose-volume parameters for several decades. However, with the development of a. clinical radiobiology in both domains of tumor and normal tissue response to radiation, ii) existence of reliable clinical results, and b. emergence of new mathematical models in cancer biology and treatment, radiation scientists have been motivated to calculate tumor control probability (TCP) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) for modern complex clinical treatment plans. The prediction of clinical outcome in terms of TCP in radiation therapy and its development have been an interesting subject of investigations for several decades. Additionally, this process has provided new information on radiotherapy consequences such as increased local control rates and lower complications rates. It also has helped treatment teams to choose optimum plans for individual patients. In this overview, we will look into some of these studies and give emphasis on potential benefits of TCP/NTCP calculations in different areas of radiation therapy such as plan evaluation, and the uncertainties associated with dose delivery. Keywords: Radiation therapy; Treatment planning; Radiobiological modelling;Tumor control probability; Normal tissue complication probability An Overview on the Clinical Application of Radiobiological Modeling in Radiation Therapy of Cancer 2/7Copyright: ©2017 Mesbahi et al.The β i parameter denotes the repairable part of radiation damage which varies over the population of patients. Also i g shows the fraction of patients having as their radiosensitivity [4].There are several models for NTCP calculations using DVH, dosimetric data of each patient. [4] One of the most applied models is the Lyman-Kutcher-Burman (LKB) model [1]. The NTCP calculation in the LKB model is defined as:Where TD 50 (v) is the tolerance dose for a 50% complication probability caused by uniform irradiation to volume v, and where n is the volume exponent and m is a parameter that is inversely related to the steepness of the dose-response curve.The increasing number of publications on radiobiological modeling implies its progressive utilization in current clinical practice as well as in silico (computer) modelling research. Although, the main purpose of TCP/NTCP calculations has been to provide a surrogate tool for plan comparisons and optimum plan selection for a given treatment, there are many other investigations that have employed this approach to quantize the radiobiological consequences for different available modalities, and geometric errors, as well as comparing novel techniques for radiation therapy [2,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Moreover, several studies have ut...