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Since the recent on-demand applications need more sophisticated circuits and subsystems, components with configurable capabilities attract attention more than before in commercial systems, specifically the fifth generation (5G). Power dividers play a crucial role in 5G phased array systems, and their role becomes more significant if the output powers ratio is adjustable. Here, we suggest a design methodology by which planar power splitters with arbitrary output power levels can be designed in light of very simple perturbations, i.e., vias. Through our design procedure, we find an optimized pattern for hybrid vias-some of them are made of PEC, and others are dielectric, e.g., air, high-permittivity materials. Thanks to deep neural networks, we demonstrate that this technique can be employed to design power splitters whose output ports have different amplitudes. In light of the proposed method, we fabricated and measured a 4-way power divider realizing Chebyshev coefficients for sidelobe reduction of a 4-element array at 28 GHz as a proof-of-concept. We believe that this methodology in which hybrid perturbation is the key spot paves a way to implement complex functions in various platforms and other structures, e.g., SIWs, ridge waveguides, rather than the one we investigated (planar/microstrip).

Synthesizing antenna arrays for fifth-generation communication technology is the most significant issue in the electromagnetic industry and academia. This paper focused on a comprehensive algorithm for developing a 5G base station antenna array. The suggested algorithm aims to provide a high-gain array antenna with a continuous wide scan angle without a grating lobe, as much as a compact size, low cost, and simplicity of fabrication, especially in the array feeding network system. The best architecture is specified by comparing the array factor of numerous subarray combinations to achieve the grating lobe’s minimum level. By considering additional limitations in our approach, such as different subarray symmetric architecture, complex weighting function, minimal number of overlapped elements, and an optimal number of microstrip layers, we improve the specification over previous research and lower the runtime procedure. The proposed method is also used to construct a linear array antenna with 49 radiating elements for a 5G base station antenna operating at 28 GHz. Consequently, the number of phase shifters has been reduced by more than 53%, significantly improving over earlier efforts. Then a hybrid genetic algorithm and a particle swarm optimization technique are applied to determine the optimal values of excitation coefficients to control side lobe level(SLL) and beam scanning. The amplitude and phase step variations are calculated as 0.1 and 1°, respectively. HPBW of 2.8°, gain of 28 dB, scanning up to ± 25° in one direction, and SLL below -24 dB are the electromagnetic properties of the designed aperiodic linear array. An example of implementing the suggested method, a 16-element array with a random overlap subarray structure, including the feeding network and microstrip antenna element, will be modeled using a full-wave simulator. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is efficient for designing array topology.

Synthesizing antenna arrays for fifth-generation communication technology is the most significant issue in the electromagnetic industry and academia. This paper focused on a comprehensive algorithm to design an antenna array used as a 5G base station antenna. The proposed algorithm's goal has an array antenna with high gain, continuous wide scan angle without grating lobe, compact size, minimum cost, and simplicity of construction, particularly in the array feeding network's system. For this purpose, several factors, such as subarray topology, complex weighting function, the minimum number of RF elements, and the optimum number of microstrip layers will be intended. The desired topology is specified with the grating lobe's minimum level by comparing the array factor of different subarray combinations. We consider some limitations in our algorithm that improve the specification than before research and reduce the runtime algorithm. Moreover, the number of phase shifters is decreased to more than 53%, substantially improved than previous works. The GAPSO technique is then used to determine the excitation coefficients' optimal value to control SLL and beam scanning. Amplitude accuracy and phase are considered 0.1 and 1 degree, respectively, to avoid tolerance construction. The proposed method is also applied to design a linear array antenna using a 5G base station antenna in 28 GH. This aperiodic linear array's electromagnetic parameter consists of HPBW of 2.8◦, a gain of 20 dB, scanning up to ±50◦ in one direction, and SLL is below -15 dB.

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