Purpose: Heavy metals are among the commonest cause of water pollution and impact human health worldwide. Therefore, this study aims to assess the probable health risk (non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk) for adults and children that are exposed to toxic heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn and Ni) through ingestion and dermal contact with dug well water in the locations. Methodology: The hand dug wells serve as sources of drinking water, domestic and industrial purposes. In this study, composite samples from the locations were tested for the presence of heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The health risk assessments were evaluated. Findings: The results of the HQ values of heavy metals for combined pathways were below the safety level (HQ < 1) for adults, while the HI for children were higher than the safety limit in some stations. The average values of total carcinogenic risk index (CRI) through exposure to drinking water for children and adults were lower than 10−6. Overall, the CRI total through exposure to drinking water for children and adults are within safety level of WHO risk, negating the probability of carcinogenic risk for the children and adults to the carcinogenic elements via ingestion and dermal routes. Recommendation: Appropriate purification, improvement in enlightenment programs and control measures should be implemented to protect the health of the residents in these localities.

Background: Leaf extracts of Senna siamea and Eucalyptus citriodora have been used to treat a range of ailment in many communities. Because the drug is unrefined, they may have some untoward effects on the animals. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the effects of oral administration of aqueous leaf extracts of Senna siamea and Eucalyptus citriodora on some hematological parameters in healthy albino rats. Methods: Methods: Twenty-five (25) albino rats of both sexes weighing between 60 - 110g were assigned into five different groups with five rats each. Daily doses of 100, 200, 300 and 400mg/kg body weight of the plant extract mixture (ratio1:1) were given orally to groups II, III, IV and IV respectively for 21 days while group I served as control. The results of the phytochemical screening for Senna siamea showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, saponins, steroids, tannins, cardiac glycosides while that of Eucalyptus citriodora showed the presence of alkaloid, saponins, tannins, anthraquinone. The results for the analysis of Red blood cell (RBC), White blood cell (WBC), Parkedcell volume (PCV), and hemoglobin were assayed using Sysmex KX-21NTM automated hematology analyzer while urea and creatinine were determined using the method of Fawcett and Scott. Results: Oral administration of aqueous leaf extract of Senna siamea and Eucalyptus citriodora at different doses in the experimental groups did not show a significant difference (p > 0.05) in the concentration of serum urea, serum creatinine, and the hematological parameters (WBC, RBC, Hemoglobin and PCV) when compared to control group except WBC which showed a significant change (p ˂ 0.05) at higher concentration of 400 mg/kg body weight of the extracts when compared to group I (control). Hematological parameters showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) when compared within the treated groups except WBC, which showed a significant difference (p ˂ 0.05) at different dose concentration of the extracts in Group II (100mg/kg) and Group IV (300mg/kg) when compared to a dose of Group V (400 mg/kg). Conclusions: This suggests that the extract at these concentrations (100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg) does not have any toxic effect on the renal and hematopoietic system except WBC which have a significant difference (p ˂ 0.05) at higher dose (400mg/kg) on the hematopoietic system