Accurate and reliable process measurements play a key role in the success of process control. In addition to selecting the instrumentation hardware, it is important to determine which variables should be measured in a process. Therefore it is important to study techniques for placing sensors on the processes. Dually the problem of placing actuators on the processes is equally important. In this paper, the problem of determining optimal sensor and actuator locations for the linear systems is addressed. The problem of the sensor locations is viewed as the problem of maximizing the output energy generated by a given state and for the actuator locations is viewed as the problem of minimizing the input energy required to reach a given state. Such design problems occur in many applications, and therefore have been studied extensively. Unfortunately, the results in this context, which have been proposed so far, only support stable systems. However, in industrial practices it is often the case that the system, which is needed to be controlled, is not stable. The method which is proposed in this paper is a general method in the sense that it supports both stable and unstable systems. The technique is successfully used for determining the optimal sensor locations of the linearized Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor unstable model.

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The distribution network is extended throughout cities, towns, and villages. Because of the increase in loads and the decrease in power passageways and public corridor reduction, double circuit lines are increasingly being used instead of single circuit lines. Fault location in double circuit power networks is very important because it decreases the repair time and consequently the power outage time. In this paper, a new improved method for fault location in double circuit medium power distribution lines is proposed. The suggested impedance-based fault location method takes into account the mutual effect of double circuit lines on each other. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed method is the first of its kind which supports double circuit distribution networks. In the proposed method, a new quadratic equation for locating fault in power distribution networks is obtained using recorded voltage and current at the beginning of feeder. In this method, the π line model is used for improving the accuracy of the suggested method. The proposed method is supported by mathematical proofs and derivation. To evaluate the accuracy of the proposed method, the proposed method is tested on a thirteen-node network in different conditions, such as instrument error, various fault resistances, and different fault inception angles in various distances and fault types. The numerical results confirm the high accuracy and validity of the proposed method.

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