This study aims to analyze the prosody in the Batak Toba language using an acoustic-phonetic approach. The measurement of experimental speech sounds uses spectrum analysis with computer assistance. Using recordings from a Sony ICD-PX 470 recorder, which are saved in WAV files, and Praat software version 6.0.54, suprasegmental or prosodic features can be analyzed. These suprasegmental or prosodic features include the high and low frequency of the sound and the intensity and duration of the speech. Data for the research was collected from declarative and imperative utterances by 20 male and 20 female Batak Toba native speakers and analyzed using spectrographs. The experimental method in this research shows the differences in prosody in male and female utterances so the characteristics of prosody between the two types of gender can be identified. The writer indicates that the frequency and intensity of female sounds are higher than male sounds in the two kinds of utterances. However, the duration required by males to pronounce the two utterances was longer than that required by females.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis prosodi yang terdapat dalam bahasa Batak Toba dengan menggunakan pendekatan fonetik akustik. Pengukuran bunyi ujaran eksperimental menggunakan analisis spektrum dengan bantuan komputer. Menggunakan rekaman dari perekam Sony ICD-PX 470 yang disimpan dalam file WAV dan perangkat lunak Praat versi 6.0.54, fitur-fitur suprasegmental atau prosodi dapat dianalisis. Fitur-fitur suprasegmental atau prosodi mencakup frekuensi tinggi rendahnya nada bunyi, intensitas, dan durasi penuturan bunyi. Data penelitian berasal dari ujaran deklaratif dan imperatif yang dituturkan oleh 20 laki-laki dan 20 perempuan penutur asli Batak Toba dan dianalisis menggunakan spektograf. Penelitian dengan menggunakan metode eksperimen ini menunjukkan perbedaan prosodi yang terdapat dalam tuturan laki-laki dan perempuan sehingga dapat ditemukan ciri-ciri khas prosodi antara kedua jenis kelamin tersebut. Penulis mengindikasikan bahwa nilai frekuensi suara dan intensitas suara yang dihasilkan perempuan lebih tinggi dari yang dihasilkan laki-laki dalam kedua ujaran tersebut. Namun, durasi yang dibutuhkan oleh laki-laki untuk menuturkan kedua ujaran tersebut ternyata lebih lama dibandingkan perempuan.

Introduction: Studies of cross-language perception at the segmental level generally find that adults have great difficulty understanding the contrast of non-native consonants and/or vowels. Non-original phonotactics are often generated by type accuracy and error. Purpose: This article examines the effect of phonology on non-native phonetic changes. Methods: This research is a qualitative research with a literature review study method from the latest research. The collected data were analyzed by in-depth analysis. Results: Based on the results of data analysis, it shows that non-native speakers are not as accurate in the production of different illegal sequences. These findings also imply that linguistic experiences with native tones need not facilitate non-native phonetic changes. However, non-native phonetics change if there is habituation and construction in the right way. Conclusion: It can be concluded that non-native English still has problems in proper English articulation. Given the importance of phonetic accuracy in expressing spoken messages, foreign speakers must pay close attention to this matter and fix it by encouraging, involving and involving them every time to practice.

This study is about the cognitive level of reading exercises in an English textbook for eleventh grade students based on Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy. The objective of the study was to investigate the distribution of the higher order thinking skills in the reading exercises of students’ textbooks entitled Bahasa Inggris which is published by the Ministry of Education and Culture. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. The data of this study were the reading texts’ exercises in the textbook. The result of this study was the reading exercises in Bahasa Inggris textbook covered all of the cognitive levels, they are Remembering (43.90%), Understanding (20.73%), Applying (6.1%), Analyzing (1.83%), Evaluating (1.22%), and Creating (26.22%). Thus, the distribution of higher order thinking skills (analyzing, evaluating, and creating) in the textbook was 29.27%, and for the lower order thinking skills obtained 70.73%. Thus, reading exercises developed in Bahasa Inggris textbook provided Higher Order Thinking Skills questions to students at the eleventh grade.Key words: Higher Order Thinking Skills; Reading Exercises; Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy

Introduction: Studies of cross-language perception at the segmental level generally find that adults have great difficulty understanding the contrast of non-native consonants and/or vowels. Non-original phonotactics are often generated by type accuracy and error. Purpose: This article examines the effect of phonology on non-native phonetic changes. Methods: This research is a qualitative research with a literature review study method from the latest research. The collected data were analyzed by in-depth analysis. Results: Based on the results of data analysis, it shows that non-native speakers are not as accurate in the production of different illegal sequences. These findings also imply that linguistic experiences with native tones need not facilitate non-native phonetic changes. However, non-native phonetics change if there is habituation and construction in the right way. Conclusion: It can be concluded that non-native English still has problems in proper English articulation. Given the importance of phonetic accuracy in expressing spoken messages, foreign speakers must pay close attention to this matter and fix it by encouraging, involving and involving them every time to practice.