Judgement of exercise performance in birds has been hampered by a paucity of data on maximal aerobic capacity. We measured the maximal rate of oxygen consumption ( ) in runninġ Vo 2, max guinea fowl Numida meleagris, a bird that has been used in several previous studies of avian running. ( , ). This value was considerably 13.2 ‫ע‬ 0.6 mean ‫ע‬ SEM N p 5 lower than the factorial aerobic scope previously measured during running in Rhea americana, a large flightless ratite. The difference in factorial scope between these two running birds likely reflects the effects of body size as well as size-independent differences in the ability to deliver and use oxygen. These data confirm a previous prediction that birds have a diversity of factorial aerobic scopes similar to that exhibited by mammals.

Introduction: Persistent urethral incontinence occurs in approximately 30% of patients after ileovesicostomy. We report a case of a patient with neurogenic bladder dysfunction due to spinal cord injury managed with ileovesicostomy and an artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) to treat persistent incontinence. Methods: A case report with 2-year follow-up is presented after review of the computerized medical record. Results: Persistent urethral incontinence was eliminated after AUS treatment. However, due to de novo autonomic dysreflexia, nighttime deactivation of the device was required. Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first case reported of an individual with neurogenic bladder dysfunction managed with an ileovesicostomy to limit elevated detrusor pressures and an AUS to control persistent urethral incontinence. The combination of these procedures appears to be a safe, effective, and less invasive option than an ileovesicostomy followed by bladder neck closure or conversion to ileal conduit. However, the possibility of de novo autonomic dysreflexia must be considered.