Turbulent drag reducing flow with blowing polymer solution from the channel wall was investigated experimentally using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Experiments were carried out with varying conditions of blowing polymer solution (e.g. weight concentration of polymer solution). Reynolds number based on the channel height and mean velocity was set to 20000 and 40000. When the polymer solution was blown from the channel wall, streamwise velocity fluctuation little increased, but wall-normal velocity fluctuation, Reynolds shear stress and correlation coefficient decreased significantly only near the blower wall. This behavior corresponds to the decrease of the ejection and sweep in the near-wall region observed by the investigation of instantaneous velocity map. On the contrary, this characteristic behavior was not observed at a position away from the blower wall (y/(H/2) > 0.4) and the scatter plot was almost the same as that of the water flow in this region. These results suggest that there are two regions in the drag reducing flow with blowing polymer solution from the wall; one is a non-Newtonian region which exists near the blower wall, and the other is a Newtonian region at a distance from the wall. The non-Newtonian region plays a key role in the drag reduction by the blowing polymer solution.

When a surface acoustic wave (SAW) is excited on a spherical surface, a naturally collimated SAW propagates around the equator hundreds of times. The propagation characteristics such as the velocity and amplitude are affected by adsorbed and/or reacted molecules on the surface, and the changes are accumulated by multiple turns of propagation. This enables highly sensitive detection of adsorbed molecules including water vapor. In this paper, the development and testing of a 1 mm diameter spherical SAW sensor, which is capable of measuring water vapor at concentrations well below 1 µmol · mol −1 H 2 O in N 2 , are reported. The rise time from 10 % to 90 % of the spherical SAW sensor to a step change from dry N 2 to 1 µmol · mol −1 H 2 O in N 2 was approximately 15 s.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract