Three-layered organic solar cell with an interlayer of codeposited pigments of n-type perylene tetracarboxylic derivative (Me-PTC) and p-type metal-free phthalocyanine (H2Pc) in between the respective pigment layers, was fabricated. Two times larger photocurrent compared to the double-layered cell without an interlayer was obtained due to the efficient carrier photogeneration in a codeposited layer. The power conversion efficiency reached 0.7% under the intense white light of 100 mW cm−2.
The long non-coding RNA HOTAIR has been reported to be a poor prognostic biomarker in a variety of malignant tumors. However, little is known about the association of HOTAIR with gastric cancer. We examined the expression of HOTAIR in 68 gastric cancer samples using quantitative real-time RT-PCR and analyzed its correlation with the clinical parameters. The functional role of HOTAIR was examined by generating human gastric cancer cell lines with increased or suppressed HOTAIR expression. The anchorage -independent growth was assessed by soft agar assay. The increased or suppressed HOTAIR expressing gastric cancer cells were injected into the tail vein or peritoneal cavity of immunodeficient mice to examine the effect of this molecule on metastasis and peritoneal dissemination. The expression of HOTAIR was significantly higher in cancer lesions than in adjacent non-cancerous tissues in human gastric cancers. In the diffuse type of gastric cancer, the High-HOTAIR group (HOTAIR/GAPDH > 1) showed significantly more venous invasion, frequent lymph node metastases and a lower overall survival rate compared to the Low-HOTAIR group (HOTAIR/GAPDH < 1). Colony formation on the soft agar was enhanced in a HOTAIR-dependent manner. HOTAIR-expressing MKN74 formed more liver metastasis compared to control when they were injected into the tail vein of mice. In addition, reduced expression of HOTAIR in KATO III suppressed peritoneal dissemination. These results suggest that HOTAIR plays a pivotal role in the development of gastric cancer.
Three-layered organic solar cells, having a sandwiched interlayer of co-deposited p-type phthalocyanine (Pc) pigments and n-type perylene derivative (PTC) pigments, exhibited photocurrent enhancement when compared with two-layered cells without the interlayer. A large number of Pc/PTC molecular contacts within the interlayer serve as active sites for effective charge carrier photogeneration. The photovoltaic characteristics of the three-layered configuration suggest the formation of a p-i-n like structure, in which the built-in potential produced by Fermi level differences in the respective pigment layers is mainly distributed across the co-deposited interlayer. Inorganic semiconductor films are also shown to be applicable to the present p-i-n cell structure as an n layer to obtain larger photovoltages.
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