Insulation performance in older buildings is usually poor, so retrofitting the insulation in these buildings would reduce the energy required for heating, resulting in cost and energy savings. Windows account for a significant amount of the heat loss, therefore, we have developed vacuum layer type vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) with a frame structure that is also slim and lightweight. The developed VIPs are inexpensive and easy to install, as well as being slim and translucent, so retrofitting the window insulation of existing buildings can be easily performed. In this paper, we propose a frame covering with a low emissivity film and a gas barrier envelope coating, with a focus on a reasonable design method. Firstly, a structural model was created to evaluate the safety and specifications of the frame using element mechanical analysis. Next, a finite element model (FEM) was created to predict the insulation performance. Subsequently, experimental validation was completed and the insulation performance was evaluated with the measured thermal conductivity by a guarded hot plate (GHP) apparatus. Finally, case studies were used to evaluate the insulation performance under different conditions. The optimum design included a reasonable frame-structure to hold the vacuum layer with a high insulation thermal conductivity performance of approximately 0.0049 W/(m·K).

Abstract:The authors develop slim and light-weight vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) by producing vacuum layers with spacers and plastic plates. The developed VIPs have the advantages of a low cost and easy installation, thus facilitating retrofitting insulation of existing buildings. In addition, one of the developed VIPs is slim and translucent so it can be easily used for windows in an internal installation. In this paper, the authors first propose a vacuum layer type slim translucent VIP and focus on a reasonable design method. Next, the authors introduce the design process in which the structural design is obtained with element mechanical analysis and a three-dimensional analysis is conducted for the VIP element. In the study, a heat transfer model is used to predict the insulation performance through finite element analysis (FEA). Subsequently, the authors perform an experiment to measure the thermal conductivity in a guarded hot plate apparatus to validate the performance prediction. Finally, case studies are performed to confirm how the different design conditions affect the insulation performance. The optimum design of the vacuum layer type slim and translucent VIP will have a sufficient structural strength to hold and maintain the vacuum layer. The thermal conductivity is approximately 0.007 W/(m·K), which can effectively improve the insulation performance in applications.

Resumo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes processos de fabricação de pós compactos faciais e estabelecer a preferência dos consumidores através de análise sensorial. Foram formulados 4 pós faciais tratados respectivamente por: micronização, pulverização (moinho de martelos), adição de matéria prima modificadora de sensorial e simples mistura. Os pós foram compactados, passando pelos testes de vitrificação, desprendimento de cor e drop test, sendo posteriormente encaminhados à avaliação sensorial realizada por 45 voluntárias. Nos testes de compactação, drop test, vitrificação e desprendimento de cor, a amostra micronizada obteve os melhores resultados mostrando que a redução do tamanho das partículas influencia no empacotamento de pós e melhoram a compactação do produto, porém na análise sensorial a amostra obtida por simples mistura foi a preferência da maioria das voluntárias. Percebeu-se que, apesar dos melhores resultados de compactação obtidos pelas amostras micronizadas, a preferência das voluntárias ainda está ligada aos processos de fabricação mais antigos onde o pó resultante se mostra mais grosseiro e forma uma camada mais espessa sobre a pele. Palavras-chave: Pós faciais. Compactação. Tamanho de partículas. Avaliação sensorial.Abstract. The aim of this study was to evaluate different manufacturing processes of compact powders and establish consumer preferences through sensory analysis. Four compact powders were formulated with the following treatments: micronization, hammer mill, addition of raw materials that modify the sensory, and simple mixture. The powders were compressed, passing the tests for glazing, detachment of color and drop test, and later forwarded to sensory evaluation by 45 volunteers. In the compression tests, drop test, glazing and detachment of color, the micronized sample obtained the best results showing the reduction of particle size influences the packaging of powders and improves the compression of the product, but in the sensory analysis the sample obtained by simple mixture was the preference of most of the volunteers. It was felt that, despite the best compaction results are obtained for samples micronized, the preference of the volunteers is still linked to older manufacturing processes where the resulting powder shows more coarse and form a thicker layer on the skin.

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