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An in-plane electrophoretic display has been developed aiming at a paper-like-display. Prototype displays exhibit a bright and clear appearance just like copies on paper, excellent stability against deformation and memory behavior. Essential characteristics for passive matrix addressing based on a control electrode system are achieved in structural or electric barrier type implementations.

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Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) wood and bark were gasified using an entrained-flow-type gasification reactor at 900 °C in the presence of H2O or H2O + O2. With H2O alone, the cedar wood was gasified well: carbon conversion into gas [CC­(g)] = 94.3%; however, cedar bark was not gasified so well: CC­(g) = 73.4%, and relatively large amounts of solid residues were produced: carbon conversion into solid residues [CC­(sr)] = 14.0%. Gas produced from both cedar wood and cedar bark were suitable compositions for catalytic liquid fuel synthesis: [H2]/[CO] ≅ 2–3. Tar yields were low: that from the cedar wood was <0.1 wt %, and that from the cedar bark was 0.3 wt %. The tar from the cedar bark contained much more various kinds of compounds. With H2O + O2, CC­(g) was improved (cedar wood, 96.5%; cedar bark, 87.5%) and CC­(sr) of the cedar bark decreased (2.6%). A high lignin content in the cedar bark was one of main differences from the cedar wood and was a possible reason for its low CC­(g). To examine the effect of the lignin on gasification, organosolv-lignin (o-lignin) and delignified cedar bark were also gasified. The CC­(g) of the o-lignin was low, 59.9%, with H2O alone and increased to 81.4% with H2O + O2, whereas that of the delignified cedar bark was high, 95.4%, with H2O alone and increased to 103.6% with H2O + O2. The Japanese cedar wood, cedar bark, delignified cedar bark, and o-lignin were thermogravimetrically analyzed in He with H2O or H2O + O2. Their decompositions proceeded more in He with H2O + O2 than with H2O. We ordered them according to easiness of decomposition: delignified bark > wood > bark > o-lignin, in all of these atmospheric conditions. Effects of feedstock and atmosphere on the gasification and thermogravimetric analyses had the same tendencies. We, therefore, concluded that the lower CC­(g) of the cedar bark than the cedar wood was attributable to difficulties of gasifying the lignin components.