The emergence and rapid spread of novel DS-1-like intergenogroup reassortant rotaviruses having the equine-like G3 genotype (DS-1-like G3P[8] strains) have been recently reported from several countries. During rotavirus surveillance in Japan in 2015-2016, three DS-1-like G3P[8] strains were identified from children with severe diarrhea. In the present study, we sequenced and characterized the full genomes of these three strains. On full-genomic analysis, all three strains showed a unique genotype constellation including both genogroup 1 and 2 genes: G3-P[8]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that each of the 11 genes of the three strains was closely related to that of Japanese DS-1-like G1P[8] and/or Japanese equine-like G3P[4] human strains. Thus, the three study strains were suggested to be reassortants that acquired the G3-VP7 gene from equine G3 rotaviruses on the genetic background of DS-1-like G1P[8] strains. Our observations will provide important insights into the evolutionary dynamics of emerging DS-1-like G3P[8] strains.

The prevalence of IgG antibody against cytomegalovirus (CMV) was compared between the age-matched (0 month to 2 years of age) groups of 212 breast-fed children and 223 bottle-fed children to examine the role of breast milk for acquisition of CMV. Mothers of both groups of children were also examined for CMV IgG antibodies. Both the breast-fed and bottle-fed children groups showed high seropositivity for CMV at 0 to 2 months of age, which gradually decreased and bottomed at 6 to 8 months of age. Thereafter, in the breast-fed children group, the seropositivity rate increased up to 70% by 1 year of age. In contrast, in the bottle-fed children group, the seropositivity rate remained at the bottom level of lower than 30%, without showing any apparent increases. The serological data of the children whose mothers were confirmed to be seropositive, revealed that mother-to-child transmission of CMV occurred in 11 of 17 (64.7%) of the breast-fed children and in 24 of 87 (27.6%) of the bottle-fed children. All the bottle-fed children born to seronegative mothers remained seronegative for CMV up to 1 year of age. The bottle-fed children showed significantly lower seropositivity than the breast-fed children, although most of both groups of children were born to seropositive mothers. The results strongly suggested that about 40% of the breast-fed children acquire CMV via breast milk and breast-feeding has certain protective effects on congenital CMV disease in the offspring. CMV is known to be one of the most common viruses which are transmitted transplacentally. In fact, congenital CMV infection occurs at incidences ranging from 0.2 to 2.2% among all live births, as reviewed by Stagno and Whitley (15). Although most of these congenitally infected newborns show no clinical signs of CMV infection, approximately 10% of them will develop congenital cytomegalic inclusion disease with sequelae (1, 11).Moreover, CMV infection which occurs during or after delivery is much more common than congenital infection. Such perinatal CMV infection is usually acquired through contact with breast milk and/or cervical secretions. In fact, Numazaki et al reported that approximately 30% of the pregnant women excreted CMV in the cervical excretions and more than 60% of newborn infants in Japan were vertically infected by CMV via the birth canal (8). On the other hand, CMV was isolated from breast milk, and CMV infection via breast milk was also reported (2, 5, 9, 13). Breast milk has then also been considered as an important route of mother-to-child transmission of CMV (9). In the present study, we compared the prevalence of CMV antibodies between the age-matched groups of breast-fed children and bottle-fed children. The serological status of mothers of both the breast-fed and bottle-fed children was also examined. An evidence that the seropositivity is apparent higher in the breast-fed children than in the bottle-fed children suggests an important role of breast milk

HTLV‐I transmission routes were found for 66 carrier pregnant women by studying sera, from the carrier pregnant women, their mothers, and their husbands, and by obtaining detailed family histories at interview. Forty‐one cases (62.1%) were considered to be instances of vertical transmission, 15 (22.8%) of sexual transmission, 6 (9.1%) of blood transfusion, and 4 (6.1%) undecided. To date, most cases of adult T‐cell leukemia (ATL) have been considered to result from vertical transmission. Our results therefore imply that about 30% (22.8%+ 9.1%) of the carrier pregnant women are at minimal risk of ATL. Moreover, in case of presumed husband‐to‐wife transmission, more than half (6/11) were infected between one year and four years after marriage.

Summary:Case reportA 4-year-old boy was first noted to have severe anemia at A 4-year-old boy with Diamond-Blackfan anemia and a history of multiple transfusions underwent umbilical 1 month of age. An evaluation showed hemoglobin 50 g/l, white blood cell count 5.5 × 10 9 /l with normal distribution, cord blood transplantation from his HLA-identical female sibling born by vaginal delivery at 38 weeks. The platelet count 385 × 10 9 /l, and 0% reticulocyte. The bone marrow showed marked erythroid hypoplasia with no patient was prepared with busulfan, cyclophosphamide and antilymphocyte globulin. Methotrexate and cycloabnormal cells and a diagnosis of Diamond-Blackfan anemia was confirmed. He was 2680 g at birth, the product sporin A were given for the prophylaxis of GVHD. Regimen-related toxicity was not observed and successful of a full-term, uncomplicated gestation. The parents were healthy and there was no consanguinity or family history engraftment occurred, including the erythroid series. No evidence of acute or chronic GVHD has been of hematological disorders. Several therapeutic approaches including intravenous high-dose methylprednisolone and observed for 14 months after transplantation. This is the first case of successful umbilical cord blood transoral corticosteroids had been tried. However, they had only a transient effect on the progressive anemia, and the patient plantation to a patient with Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Keywords: cord blood transplantation; Diamondbecame steroid-resistant and transfusion-dependent. He received 60 units of filtered and irradiated packed red cells Blackfan anemia; childhood; hemosiderosis before transplantation without any iron-chelating therapy. His HLA-type was A24, 31; B51, 52; DR15(2), 4; DQ1, 4, and not identical to the parents and a sibling (father: Diamond-Blackfan anemia is a disorder of childhood A31, 33; B44, 52; DR15(2), 8; DQ1, mother: A24, 33; B44, characterized by normochromic-macrocytic anemia, reti-51; DR4, 13; DQ1, 4, brother: A31, 33; B44, 52). culocytopenia and a normocellular marrow with a selective At 3 years of age, he displayed signs of iron overload deficiency of erythroid progenitors. Most patients respond including elevations of serum transaminase, iron and ferrito corticosteroids initially. However, about 60% require tin. CT scan showed a marked increase in the density of chronic red cell transfusion and die in the second and third the liver parenchyma, which was consistent with liver decade of life as a result of hemosiderosis. 1 Allogeneic hemosiderosis. Echocardiography revealed mild left ven-BMT is already accepted as effective therapy for steroidtricular dilatation and grade II mitral regurgitation with norresistant, transfusion-dependent patients with Diamondmal wall mobility. His mother became pregnant and a girl Blackfan anemia. 2-5 However, the limited availability of was delivered vaginally at 38 weeks without any complisuitable donors remains a problem. Recently, unbilical cord cations. At the time of delivery, 70 ml of cord blood was b...

Summary:suppressive than CY alone. Prompted by this success, Storb et al 7 have used CY/ATG to condition patients with aplastic anemia for first transplant, resulting in 92% 3-year actuarial Graft rejection has been a problem after bone marrow transplantation for patients with severe aplastic anemia survival. Based on favorable experience in Seattle, Horstmann et al, 8 Okamoto et al 9 and Bunin et al 10 reported (SAA). Ten children with SAA were conditioned for bone marrow transplantation from HLA-identical sibsimilar results, using a different source, dose, and time schedule of ATG. Here, we report our results of CY/ATG lings, using cyclophosphamide (CY, 50 mg/kg) plus antithymocyte globulin (ATG, 15 mg/kg ) for 4 successive conditioning in 10 children with SAA; a durable engraftment rate of 100% in a median follow-up of 25 days. Marrow was infused 36 h after the last dose of CY. Cyclosporin A and methotrexate were administered months. Furthermore, in an effort to better understand the post-transplant experience of these patients, we compared as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. All patients achieved durable engraftment at follow-up of current results with published reports. 7-41+ months (mean, 25) without significant GVHD. Since investigators have used different sources, doses, and time schedules of ATG, we compared our results Patients and methods with other published reports. We conclude that CY/ATG conditioning is well tolerated and effective in From