SUlDlDaryA study concerning subjective symptoms of spasms which occur during 24 hours was carried out in 13 quadriplegic patients. All had spasms. Tonic and clonic spasms occurred involving their limbs and trunk. Extensor spasms occurred more often in the lower limbs than in the upper limbs. The duration of spasms was 8 seconds on average and the frequency was 15 times on average per day. The spasms which were severe tended to last longer in duration and were more frequent in occurrence.No spasms occurred without a trigger. The activities in daily living were interfered with by spasms in most patients. Most of these activities also triggered spasms.

While many studies have investigated muscle activity in amputated legs while walking, in physical therapy and other fields, few studies have examined muscle activity in the healthy legs of amputees. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, no previous investigations have examined the motor learning processes in leg amputees or efficient exercise programs for walking with a leg prosthesis. Our previous study clarified the function of the non-amputated legs of amputees while walking with a prosthetic leg by measuring muscle activity patterns using surface electromyography and ground reaction force plates. In the present study, healthy volunteers were asked to wear a pseudo-prosthetic leg and participate in either a basic or applied exercise program using clearly different exercises. Differences in muscle activity patterns between the programs were then analyzed. After 2 weeks of exercises, the exercise program allowing legs without a pseudo-prosthesis to function more like the non-amputated legs of amputees who were skilled at walking with their prosthesis was ascertained. Muscle activity patterns of volunteers on the applied exercise program tended to more closely resemble those of amputees.

In most cases where digits have been amputated by avulsion and the digital nerve extensively injured, primary nerve suture cannot be performed. For such a digit when replanted, secondary nerve grafting was done under the operating microscope using a lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. Two years after operation, two-point discrimination of these cases proved to be 10.5 mm on average. And in the case of the transplanted three strand cable graft, using a lateral femoral cutaneous nerve yielded the most favourable results. The replacement was superior to the side receiving primary crushed nerve suture. Sensory nerve action potentials indicate that the regenerated nerve does not necessarily mature sufficiently. The recovery of sensitivity even to this degree however was sufficient for the replanted digits to be useful in all cases.

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Avariable 三 mpedance ankle joint of lower limb orthos 量 s fc 〕r paraplegia was develo 芦 ed app 要 ying MR techno 墨 ogy ． Dorsal flexion of ankle joint in swing phase is usefUI to get cleararlce between fbot sole and floor for easily canying a め wer limb ftorn aft to fbre ， and plantar flexion eontrol at heel contact isし嚀e 」 iul fbr smoothly roll 三 ng over Qf body 倉om afヒto fbre ． To reaHze these ， MR brake is instaUed in the ankle joint of orthosis ， which is fan ， shaped arld made of a ］ uminum alloy to move 70 degrees 倉 om dorsal to plantar fiexion ． The MR brake fil 三 ed wlth MR ( magneto −rheo 三 〇 gical ) fluld has a smal 三 gap in the mQvlng vane 血 ough which Mk fluid move ， and flow viscoslty is quickly changed by a small electromagnet ． MR brake is act 量 vely controlled dur呈 ng the swing phase and heel contact detected by the compressive fbrce and bending moment sensor 血stalled ln the shank of or 血osis ， Key 〃 b 厂ds； lower limb orthosis ， dors ちaexion con 鱒 1 ， Plantar 」 7exion control ， MR brake ， paraplegi