Aims:  To identify profiles associated with treatment retention in Japanese patients with methamphetamine use disorder. Methods:  The study used a retrospective design based on clinical records. The subjects were 101 patients at the Kanagawa Psychiatric Center, Serigaya Hospital, who were diagnosed as having methamphetamine use disorder. They were divided in two groups, namely those who remained in treatment 3 months after the initial assessment, and those who did not. The primary analysis compared patient profiles between the two groups to detect discriminating variables, which were then submitted for secondary analysis using logistic regression to determine the most relevant predictor of retention. Results:  Primary analysis indicated that older age, having psychotic symptoms, receiving public assistance, and history of incarceration were associated with treatment retention after 3 months. Secondary analysis showed that positive history of incarceration was the most significant predictor of the outcome. Conclusions:  History of incarceration had the most significant treatment‐retention effect on Japanese patients with methamphetamine use disorder. The development and introduction of integrated programs that link methamphetamine‐dependent offenders to drug treatment is recommended in outpatient treatment for Japanese patients with methamphetamine user disorder.