We identified several low-abundance proteins of bovine colostrum and mature milk using the immunoabsorption technique and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by microsequencing and mass spectrometry. Two major milk proteins, beta-casein and immunoglobulin G (IgG), were effectively removed from the milk using immunoabsorbents. Milk samples before and after immunoabsorption were separated by 2-DE. Protein identification of the spots on 2-DE was performed by either gel comparison, microsequencing, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass-spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), peptide mass fingerprinting or peptide sequencing using tandem MS by hybrid quadrupole/orthogonal acceleration time of flight-MS (Q-TOF). Significant differences in protein patterns were observed between the low-abundance proteins of colostrum and mature milk. In addition, several low-abundance proteins including fibrinogen beta-chain, chitinase 3-like 1, alpha-antitrypsin, complement C3 alpha-chain, gelsolin and apolipoprotein H were observed only in colostrum. However, the level of beta-casein fragments increased significantly during this lactation period. alpha-Lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin as well as some low-abundance proteins including bovine serum albumin, serotransferrin and lactoferrin were identified in both colostral and mature milk. Low-abundance proteins in bovine colostrum may have special physiologic relevance to the health and development of calves early in lactation.

Photooxidations of the evaporated films of rubrene, naphthacene, and pentacene were investigated by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A rubrene film was found to be photooxidized far more easily than a naphthacene film although the molecules of rubrene and naphthacene in solution are known to be almost equally reactive for photooxidation. Although pentacene is photooxidized very easily in solution, the oxidation rate of a pentacene film was little enhanced by the light irradiation. Discussion is given on these behaviors of the evaporated films by considering the molecular packing in the solid state and the mechanism of photooxidation.

The electronic structure of the Ge͑001͒c͑8 ϫ 2͒-Au surface has been investigated by means of angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. The atomic structure of the surface includes nanowires along the ͗110͘ direction separated by deep grooves, which were observed by scanning tunneling microscopy. The dispersion relation along the ͗110͘ direction showed the existence of a metallic surface-state band in accordance with 8ϫ periodicity. Moreover, the Fermi-surface measurement revealed that the band has an ellipsoidal shape, indicating an anisotropic two-dimensional metallic state. This is in contrast to the previously reported one-dimensional character of the system ͓J. Schäfer, C. Blumenstein, S. Meyer, M. Wisniewski, and R. Claessen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 236802 ͑2008͔͒. A structural model including periodic arrangement of Au adsorbed ͑111͒ nanofacets was examined by comparing the electronic structure with that of the flat Ge͑111͒ ͱ 3 ϫ ͱ 3-Au surface.

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Stress distribution along a tool rake face were measured directly in the orthogonal machining of various metals. The method of measurement was based on the use of a composite tool which was divided into two parts parallel to a cutting edge in order to measure separately the force acting on one section of the tool. The stress distributions under actual cutting conditions were revealed, and the relationship between the nature of stress distribution and the mechanical properties of work material was clarified. It was ascertained that the nature of stress distribution was closely connected with the strain hardening index of work material and the frictional coefficient between tool and material.