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DNAs from 21 human stomach cancers, 16 metastatic stomach cancers to lymph nodes, and 21 apparently noncancerous specimens of stomach mucosae from a total of 26 patients with stomach cancer were tested for their ability to induce neoplastic transformation of NIH 3T3 cells on transfection by the calcium phosphate precipitation technique. Three samples of DNA were shown to have transforming activity; one was from a primary stomach cancer of one patient, the second was from a noncancerous portion of stomach mucosa of the same patient, and the third was from a lymph node metastasis of stomach cancer from another patient. These transformants were tumorigenic in nude mice, and DNAs from the cells could induce secondary transformants. A portion of the transforming gene from the stomach cancer of one patient, which contained the sequences expressed in the NIH 3T3 transformants, was cloned. The transforming gene did not have any homology with the transforming sequences reported previously. We have applied the term hst to this novel human transforming gene. The transforming gene, hst, was found to be present in all the primary and secondary transformants induced by the other two samples of DNA.Development 6f the calcium phosphate precipitation technique for DNA-mediated gene transfer to NIH 3T3 cells has enabled us to detect cellular transforming DNAs in diverse human tumors, including carcinomas, sarcomas, and hematopoietic malignancies (for review, see refs. 1-3). However, in most of these studies, tissue culture cell lines have been used as sources of donor DNAs, and there have been few studies on the transforming activities of DNAs from fresh solid human tumors (4-10). Furthermore, except for oncogenes that have been designated B-lym (BLYM)t (11), met (MET)t (12), mcf-2, mcf-3 (13), c-raf (RAF)t (14, 15), neu (16), dbl (8), ret (10), and a transforming gene from a melanoma (17), all of the cellular transforming genes identified so far belong to the ras (RAS)t family of oncogenes, c-Ha-ras, c-Ki-ras, or N-ras (HRAS, KRAS, or NRAS),t all of which code for the guanine nucleotide binding protein, p21 (1)(2)(3). The transforming activities of c-Ha-ras, c-Ki-ras, and N-ras were found to be acquired by point mutations at codons coding for amino acid 12, 13, or 61 of p21 (1)(2)(3)18). We have studied the transforming activities of DNAs from fresh samples of stomach cancers, which have the highest incidence of all cancers not only in Japan, but also in the world (19). We previously identified a transforming gene isolated from one of the stomach cancers as an altered form of c-raf (14). In the present study, we examined the transforming activities of 58 samples of DNAs obtained from 21 primary stomach cancers, 16 metastases to lymph nodes; and 21 noncancerous portions of stomach mucosae, from a total of 26 patients with stomach cancers. We found that three samples of DNA had transforming activity; one was obtained from a primary stomach cancer diagnosed as a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, the second from a no...

Chiral bichromophoric perylene bisimides are demonstrated as active materials of circularly polarized emission. The bichromophoric system exhibited circularly polarized luminescence with dissymmetry factors typical of that of similar organic chiral chromophoric systems in the monomeric state. Variation in solvent composition led to the formation of stably soluble helical aggregates through intermolecular interactions. A large enhancement in the dissymmetry of circularly polarized luminescence was exhibited by the aggregated structures both in the solution and solid states. The sum of excitonic couplings between the individual chromophoric units in the self-assembled state results in relatively large dissymmetry in the circularly polarized luminescence, thereby giving rise to enhanced dissymmetry factors for the aggregated structures. The spacer between chiral center and chromophoric units played a crucial role in the effective enhancement of chiroptical properties in the self-assembled structures. These materials might provide opportunities for the design of a new class of functional bichromophoric organic nanoarchitectures that can find potential applications in the field of chiroptical memory and light-emitting devices based on supramolecular electronics.

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This paper describes the development and the experiments of ACM-R3, which is a new version of the Active Cord Mechanism with three-dimensional mobiliry. This ACM-R3 is equipped with largepassive wheels that wrap its bo+ overall, and has frictional characteristics similar to snake-like skin. It is also equipped with radio control servomotors with gears added to them, held tightly by shellj?ames, so that it can move steadily and with high power. With this robot, we realized fundamental hvo-dimensional Serpentine locomotion, Lateral Rolling locomotion in "V, " U , or especially "S" shapes, and coupled locomotion. which employs both Serpentine and Lateral Rolling at the same time. We also realized Sinus-Lifting locomot ion. its mixture mode, 3D Lateral Rolling, and pedal wave.