Floral scent is one of the crucial cues to attract specific groups of insect pollinators in angiosperms. We examined the semiochemical diversity in the interactions between "fruit fly orchids" and their pollinator fruit fly species in two genera, Bactrocera and Zeugodacus (Tephritidae: Diptera). Two known attractants for the Dacini fruit flies, methyl eugenol (ME) and raspberry ketone (RK), have been identified from the Bulbophyllum orchids. Additionally, zingerone (ZN), with a hybrid chemical structure between ME and RK, and attracts both ME-and RK-sensitive fly species, was also identified. Male flies utilize the floral scent as sex pheromone precursor or components to attract conspecific females and gain mating advantage. We analyzed the floral components of two sibling orchids, Bulbophyllum macranthum collected from Southeast-Asian countries and Bu. praetervisum collected from Sabah, Malaysia. For Bu. macranthum, the major floral component from Malaysia and Thailand was identified as ZN; whereas that from the Philippines was ME. For Bu. praetervisum, RK was found as the major constituent, but chemical profiles of the attractants were different among individuals, i.e. in addition to RK, ZN was also found in some of the Bu. praetervisum flowers; and one of the specimens contained ME besides RK and ZN. These differences in fruit fly-attracting floral scents shown by the sympatric chemotypes of Bu. praetervisum are contrary to that shown by the allopatric chemotypes of Bu. macranthum, demonstrating the versatility in the floral synomone biosynthetic processes. Phylogenetic analysis using chloroplast DNA shows that the Malaysia-and Thailand-chemotypes of Bu. macranthum and Bu. praetervisum belong to the same lineage, although their chemical profiles are distinctly different. This demonstrates that diversification of floral synomone may happen even within a putative orchid species in order to attract a wider community of fruit fly pollinators from different genera to maximize pollination success.

The Japanese orange fly, Bactrocera tsuneonis, infests various citrus crops. While male pheromone components accumulated in the rectal glands are well-characterized for Bactrocera, but information regarding the chemical factors involved in the life cycles of B. tsuneonis remains scarce. Herein, several volatile chemicals including a γ-decalactone, (3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-decanolide [(3R,4R)-HD], were identified as major components, along with acetamide and spiroketals as minor components in the rectal gland complexes of male B. tsuneonis flies. The lactone (3R,4R)-HD was also identified in female rectal gland complexes. The amount of this compound in mature males was significantly higher than those observed in females and immature males. The lactone (3R,4R)-HD was detected in flies fed with sucrose only, indicating that this lactone is not derived from dietary sources during adulthood, but biosynthesized in vivo. The predominant accumulation of (3R,4R)-HD in mature males also suggests a possible role in reproductive behavior.