In elderly men with nocturia, sleep quality is associated with lower urinary tract function. Higher subjective sleep quality is associated with longer slow wave sleep time and less severe lower urinary tract symptoms. Higher objective sleep quality is further associated with a higher urinary flow rate and lower nocturnal urinary volume.

Background To develop a nomogram of urinary volume and flow based on the data of Japanese men without lower urinary tract symptoms and multiple flows per participant whose characteristics were clear. Methods Overall, 101 Japanese male volunteers without lower urinary tract symptoms aged between 20 and 59 years were enrolled. A portable uroflowmeter (P-Flowdiary®) was used to record urinary information (flow rate and volume) for 2 successive days. The model (quadratic, linear, or logarithmic regression) most fit for the relationship between maximum flow rate and voided volume was determined. The maximum flow rate at > 150 mL was compared among the 20–29-, 30–39-, 40–49-, and 50–59-year age groups. Nomograms appropriate for the age groups were created. Results The mean age, International Prostate Symptom Score, and Overactive Bladder Symptom Score were 38.5 years, 0.42, and 0.24, respectively. The quadratic regression model was the most fit because its mean coefficient determination was 0.93 ± 0.06. The mean maximum flow rate was significantly lower in the 50–59-year age group (21.8 ± 5.05 mL/s, P < 0.01) than in the younger groups (24.14 ± 4.94, 24.05 ± 6.99, and 24.64 ± 5.72 mL/s). The 2 nomograms are Y = 28.99 {1 − exp(− 0.01 × X)} and Y = 25.67 {1 − exp(− 0.01 × X)} for the 20–49- and 50–59-year age groups, respectively. Conclusions The nomogram can predict maximum flow rate based on voided volume in Japanese men aged 20–59 years without lower urinary tract symptoms.

The treatment landscape for advanced, unresectable, or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (aUC) has shifted substantially since the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). We investigated the extent to which pembrolizumab therapy is superior to conventional chemotherapy as a second-line treatment. Patients and Methods: A multicenter-derived database registered 454 patients diagnosed with aUC between 2008 and 2020. Of these, 94 patients (21%) who received second-line pembrolizumab and 75 (17%) who received second-line chemotherapy but never received third-line or later ICI therapy were included. We compared overall survival (OS) from the initial date of first-line chemotherapy between two groups by adjusting for prognostic factors through propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). The IPTW-adjusted hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval were estimated using a multivariate Cox regression analysis. To identify patients who were more likely to benefit from second-line pembrolizumab than from chemotherapy, we performed a subgroup analysis for OS with an IPTW-adjusted model. Results:The PSM-adjusted comparison showed a significant improvement in the prognosis with second-line pembrolizumab use (P = 0.01). The OS benefit with the advent of pembrolizumab was 8 months (18 months vs 26 months). Multivariable analyses using IPTW adjustment demonstrated that lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001), lung metastasis (P = 0.013), and bone metastasis (P = 0.003) were poor independent prognostic factors, and pembrolizumab use (P = 0.021) was a favorable independent prognostic factor. Subgroup analyses revealed that pembrolizumab was associated with survival benefits over chemotherapy in all subgroups, including young patients (age <70 years), those who received radical surgery, and those without visceral metastasis. Conclusion:We demonstrated a significant improvement in prognosis after the advent of pembrolizumab for patients with aUC. ICIs should not be restricted based on patient characteristics.

A 69-year-old woman was referred to us because a cyst in the lower pole of the left kidney had been pointed out on screening ultrasound. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a mural nodule of the wall of the cyst with an enhancement effect, suggesting cystic renal cell carcinoma (cT1aN0M0). The patient underwent retroperitoneoscopic non-ischemic partial nephrectomy using a microwave tissue coagulator. A hematoxylin-eosinstained specimen showed that the wall of the cystic tumor consisted of the proliferation of large cells with rich eosinophilic granules in the cytoplasm and round-shaped nuclei, which were the characteristics of oncocytoma. This was followed by immunohistochemical studies, because of findings of local cell invasion, mitosis, and necrosis, suggesting malignancy. The results were: CK7, strongly positive; PAX2, negative; colloidal iron stain, negative; c-kit, weakly positive; vimentin, positive; and RCC marker, negative. Thus, although the tumor showed characteristics of oncocytoma and/or chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (pT1a), it could not be classified according to the known categories: it should be designated as renal cell carcinoma (neoplasm) of oncocytosis, a novel category of unclassified renal cell carcinomas. The present case indicated the fact that renal cell carcinomas resembling oncocytoma certainly exist.