In oxides, the substitution of non-oxide anions (F(-),S(2-),N(3-) and so on) for oxide introduces many properties, but the least commonly encountered substitution is where the hydride anion (H(-)) replaces oxygen to form an oxyhydride. Only a handful of oxyhydrides have been reported, mainly with electropositive main group elements or as layered cobalt oxides with unusually low oxidation states. Here, we present an oxyhydride of the perhaps most well-known perovskite, BaTiO(3), as an O(2-)/H(-) solid solution with hydride concentrations up to 20% of the anion sites. BaTiO(3-x)H(x) is electronically conducting, and stable in air and water at ambient conditions. Furthermore, the hydride species is exchangeable with hydrogen gas at 400 °C. Such an exchange implies diffusion of hydride, and interesting diffusion mechanisms specific to hydrogen may be at play. Moreover, such a labile anion in an oxide framework should be useful in further expanding the mixed-anion chemistry of the solid state.

The oxyhydride solid solutions (Ca,Sr)TiO(3-x)H(x) and (Sr,Ba)TiO(3-x)H(x) have been prepared by reducing the corresponding ATiO(3) oxides with calcium hydride. Under the reaction conditions examined, a hydride content of x = 0.1-0.3 was obtained for all compositions. Compared to our previous result with BaTiO(3-x)H(x), the larger particle size in this study (20-30 μm vs 170 nm) resulted in a somewhat lower hydride amount despite prolonged reaction times. We examined changes in cell volume, octahedral tilt angle, and site occupancy of different anion sites after conversion to oxyhydrides; it appears that these oxyhydrides fit the geometrical descriptions typical for regular ABO(3) perovskites quite well. The hydrogen release temperature, previously shown to be indicative of the hydride exchange temperature, however, does not scale linearly with the A-site composition, indicating a potential effect of chemical randomness.

The structure of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) gels formed in a mixture of deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-de) and heavy water at 23 °C has been investigated by wideand small-angle neutron scattering techniques. It was directly confirmed from the wide-angle neutron scattering measurements that cross-linking points or junction points in the gels are crystallites. In the small-angle scattering measurements, it was found that the scattering intensity I(Q) decreases with Q according to the -4th power law (Porod's law) in the Q range above 0.05 A-1 where Q = 4 sin 6/ (26 and are scattering angle and wavelength of neutron, respectively), suggesting that the surface of the crystallites has a clear boundary. On the other hand, the Q dependence of the scattering intensity 7(Q) can be described by 7(0)/[l + £2Q2] in the Q range below 0.035 A-1, where £ is a correlation length. The correlation length £ was assigned to the average distance between the neighboring crystallites. Distance distribution function P(r) which is defined by inverse Fourier transformation of scattering intensity 7(Q) was also calculated in order to see another aspect of the scattering intensity. Two peaks or shoulders at about 70 and 200 A were recognized in the calculated P(r). The former and the latter have been attributed to the intraand intercrystallite correlations, respectively. By separating the two correlations, the distribution of the crystallites is discussed.

Oxynitrides have been explored extensively in the past decade because of their interesting properties, such as visible-light absorption, photocatalytic activity and high dielectric permittivity. Their synthesis typically requires high-temperature NH3 treatment (800-1,300 °C) of precursors, such as oxides, but the highly reducing conditions and the low mobility of N(3-) species in the lattice place significant constraints on the composition and structure-and hence the properties-of the resulting oxynitrides. Here we show a topochemical route that enables the preparation of an oxynitride at low temperatures (<500 °C), using a perovskite oxyhydride as a host. The lability of H(-) in BaTiO3-xHx (x ≤ 0.6) allows H(-)/N(3-) exchange to occur, and yields a room-temperature ferroelectric BaTiO3-xN2x/3. This anion exchange is accompanied by a metal-to-insulator crossover via mixed O-H-N intermediates. These findings suggest that this 'labile hydride' strategy can be used to explore various oxynitrides, and perhaps other mixed anionic compounds.

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