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Affective experience involved in as compared with teasing and bullying Takafumi SawaumiIn recent years, some forms of interpersonal communication labeled " " have played a significant role among the youth. This paper investigates what type of affective experience is perceived to cause compared with similar behaviors like teasing and bullying. We recruited 312 university students and asked them to answer questions about the possible affective experiences that arise in either of the agents (actor or receiver) in response to each type of behavior. The rating was done from the standpoint of either the actor, receiver, or third party. Results revealed that compared with the other two types of behavior, was perceived to cause lesser negative affective experiences. Affective experiences entailed by each type of behavior were influenced by the role of the respondent and that of the appraisal target. Future research is warranted to investigate the generalizability of the findings, given the limitations of self-reported measurements and conceptualization of affects.

Through two experiments we pursue the question of what linguistic components of actionῌ sentences automatically activate perceptual representations employing a sameῌdi#erent judgment task with visual stimuli. The participants read sentences that described the motion of an object in a particular direction (toward/away and up/down), and judged whether two stimuli (of slightly different sizes in Experiment 1 or presented in di#erent positions in Experiment 2) were identical. The results indicate that response times were significantly faster when the motion of visual stimuli matched the motion described in the sentence (match condition) than when the motion was mismatched with that described in the sentence (mismatch condition). However, response times were not significantly di#erent between the match condition and the mismatch condition when symbolstimuli were presented (Experiment 1). In addition, there were no significant di#erences in response times for first-person sentences and third-person sentences in the match condition (Experiment 2). These results suggest that perceptual representations are automatically activated during actionῌsentence comprehension, and these representations are activated by information about the object and its motion contained in verb phrases.

This research investigated whether action semantic knowledge influences mental simulation during sentence comprehension. In Experiment 1, we confirmed that the words of face-related objects include the perceptual knowledge about the actions that bring the object to the face. In Experiment 2, we used an acceptability judgment task and a word-picture verification task to compare the perceptual information that is activated by the comprehension of sentences describing an action using face-related objects near the face (near-sentence) or far from the face (far-sentence). Results showed that participants took a longer time to judge the acceptability of the far-sentence than the near-sentence. Verification times were significantly faster when the actions in the pictures matched the action described in the sentences than when they were mismatched. These findings suggest that action semantic knowledge influences sentence processing, and that perceptual information corresponding to the content of the sentence is activated regardless of the action semantic knowledge at the end of the sentence processing.

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