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-When different temperatures are given to simple electrolyte solutions on both side of a membrane, there appears an electrostatic potential, and osmotic flow of water occurs through the membrane. Thermal membrane potential was determined by flushing two solutions having different temperatures on the two surfaces of a thick membrane to remove diffusion layers. Thermoosmotic flow was observed using a capillary. The effective temperature difference working for thermoosmosis was estimated by measuring the thermal membrane potential across the membrane. Experimental data thus obtained were compared with a theory based on nonequilibrium thermodynamics.

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Permeation velocities of various electrolytes through a homogeneous (negatively) charged membrane, under no externally applied electric field and zero pressure difference, as well as the electrostatic potential appearing across the membrane, are observed at various concentrations of electrolytes of the 1-1 type. Equations for those phenomena are presented and compared with the experimental data. In particular, the effects of water transport on the permeation velocity of electrolyte and membrane potential are quantitatively discussed.