Learning Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) programming is influenced by several factors, that is: lecturer competence in PLC programming, adequacy of information technology infrastructure in learning, availability of learning media, vocational guidance procedures, and learning motivation. The purpose of this study: (a) to describe the factors that contribute to PLC programming learning, (b) to formulate a PLC programming competency model, and (c) to examine the determinants of PLC programming learning. Model testing method using Path Analysis.  The results of this analysis are expected to be able to describe the relational patterns between variables in learning PLC programming, as well as the direct and indirect impacts on the mastery of PLC programming competencies.  Keywords: PLC programming competency, path analysis, vocational education.

Sliding mode controller (SMC) has become a popular traditional control method in industries due to the most effective control strategies employing nonlinear control and the ability to reject disturbances, particularly for line trajectory control. However, this control method has chattering problems due to high-frequency switching. To cope with the shortcoming, an artificial intelligence (AI) method is utilized in the traditional SMC to eliminate or reduce this chattering problem. This paper investigates an adaptive fuzzy logic system combined with SMC algorithm to alleviate the problem. Fuzzy logic is chosen due to its advantages in tackling nonlinear properties using if-then thinking, whereas SMC method can be applied due to its ability to reject disturbance control. The inverted pendulum is selected as a controlled object and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink to investigate this control method. By combining the fuzzy logic system and the SMC approach, the chattering problems can be adaptively reduced on the line trajectory tracking signal. The adaptive fuzzy SMC achieved better performance with fast response compared with previous literature algorithms for similar plants.

This paper discusses the research results on the development of learning media and the results of the feasibility test for the learning process. This study aims to: (1) obtain the design and prototype of Arduino-based high-frequency signal data acquisition learning media; (2) find out the level of feasibility of learning media that has been made for the learning process of Antenna Practice and Wave Propagation courses. The research model uses Research and Development with the ADDIE development method. The research stages in the ADDIE method are Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate. The research began with the development of learning media called Antenna Pattern Radiation Learning Media and the Practicum Module containing a collection of lab sheets for practicum activities using the media. The next step involves assessing the viability of the media. Validation tests gather expert feedback on materials, media, and users. In this study, data was collected using a questionnaire and analyzed quantitatively using descriptive analysis techniques. This research and development effort led to the creation of Antenna Pattern Radiation Learning Media and its practical modules. The test results showed that the material experts gave it a score of 95%, media experts rated it at 85.4%, and users (students) gave it a score of 80.65%. Based on the evaluations of the material experts, media experts, and users, it can be concluded that the Antenna Pattern Radiation learning media falls into the highly feasible category and can be utilized as a learning resource in courses related to Antenna and Wave Propagation.