No abstract

This paper is based on analysis data arising from a study of sexting perspectives and experiences of college students in Kenya. The study reveals that young people harbour misconceptions about this form of sexual communication, and how to address its associated challenges and negative experiences. The authors use the empirical findings to suggest a framework that identifies seven constructs that critically analyse and describe how agents of socialization processes need to collaboratively work together in order to address the misconceptions, negative perceptions, and behaviors thereof. The proposed framework is conceptualized as a holistic approach with two interacting zones; information and knowledge, and actions, and sustainability. Further, the paper describes the extent to which suggested elements ought to work together to provide the youth with the right information, skills, and competencies required to address issues and challenges associated with sexting. In conclusion, the paper recommends strong guild responsibility and linkages of teachers, parents, and professional associations in the development of educational programmes, policies, and initiatives required to mold youth into responsible people regardless of the new communication technologies. Keywords: sexting, youth, framework, communication, socialization

BackgroundLawate M Maghana (2012) argued, cartons are a critical form of communication because they convey a lot of information using simple illustrations coupled with few words. In so doing, cartoons express genuine emotions although harsh and sometimes exaggerated they nevertheless facilitate agenda setting especially to many important issues that generally affect the society. Now, gender depiction in media and more so in cartoons is an important issue that determines the extent the position of men and women is framed before the society. Negative portrayal of either gender in the media through cartoons has a significant contribution towards reinforcing gender stereotypes and discrimination. This ultimately leads to gender gap. Entrenched gender gap affects national cohesion and is an obvious affront to the national values and principles of good governance as spelled out in the constitution of Kenya (2010). Cartoons are serious forms of communication that deserve attention since they are intrinsic section of the editorial voice of every newspaper. Now, the editorial voice of the newspaper is basically the Media House official position or stand on a specific issue of concern affecting the society at a given time. The importance of cartoons in the media industry is perhaps as old as the many sociopolitical issues that have been affecting the world for many years. Although a number of researchers (for example, Hines, 1933; Johnson, 1937; Streicher, 1967; Harrison, 1981) have aimed to provide an account of the beginnings of caricature and cartoon, the most "celebrated essay" (Barm, 1975) on the history of caricature is 'The Principles of Caricature" (1962) by Kris and Gombrich. Although their essay is concerned more with the caricature as an art form, it is important for this

Diverse views by scholars, policy makers as well as readers of newspapers and magazines, point to one critical issue that the media have of late become conduits for gender stereotyping not only in Kenya but the world over. This fact has been affirmed by public uproar against specific media houses in recent years after publishing cartoons that appeared offensive to sections of society. In some cases, such protests and reactions were very violent and claimed lives besides causing the destruction of property. Hinged on the Agenda setting theory, this paper refers to Kenya’s Daily Nation and Standard newspapers cartoon column in seeking to highlight what journalists and civil society consider to be the position of gender portrayed in editorial cartoons and whether by extension these cartoons subtly or unconsciously promote gender bias and stereotypical overtones. The qualitative case study was guided by the interpretivist philosophical paradigm. Besides the secondary data drawn from the two dailies, semi-structured interviews that targeted cartoonists, human rights, and gender activists from six purposely selected organizations were applied and analysed. The study finds bias and increased stereotypical overtones occasioned by a lack of resolve by the two media houses to adequately embrace gender sensitivity focus in the manner editorial cartoonists portray both men and women in the news. To cure the gender portrayal bias in the selected cartoons, there is need for specific in-housed editorial guidelines that will guide its creators.

Visual images often have lasting memory with the capacity to reveal the anguish of a tormented soul. It can stimulate sexual passion as well as generate intense feelings and excitement to the level of driving people to the bravery and barbaric acts.  These images evoke responses in people based on their interpretation of meanings informed by common beliefs and values. In most cases, the victims are subjected to gender-based humiliation in the public eye.  This paper investigates the nature of gender portrayal through selected editorial cartoons. This study is anchored on the relativist/interpretivist philosophical paradigm in which a qualitative case study design is adopted. The case in reference is the Daily Nation and the Standard newspapers of Kenya’s Nation Media Group and Standard Group, respectively. Data was generated from sampled cartoons published by the two dailies. The data was complemented by semi-structured in-depth interviews targeting the cartoonists, human rights activists, and gender specialists from selected organizations in Kenya. In total, 252 cartoons out of 2184 which is 11.5 percent, were sampled systematically through a six-week purposive sampling mechanism. Each week represented a month amounting to three years in a row. The findings of the study revealed that men were negatively represented in most of the cartoons. Specifically, men were linked to greed, corruption, political violence, and land grabbing among other issues. On the other hand, women were mostly portrayed as weak, helpless, vulnerable, and most afflicted. In over 30 of the sampled cartoons, women were projected as sexual objects and agents of beauty. And yet in some though only a few, the very women were projected as the voice of reason and one that could be entrusted with leadership and integrity. This study reveals the bias and increased stereotypical overtones and the inability of the two newspapers to adequately embrace gender sensitivity in the way cartoons portray both men and women to their readers. Editors, reporters, and cartoonists should remove bias and stereotypes in their portrayal of both men and women. To this end, urgent retraining and sensitization on gender sensitivity cartooning are highly recommended for media practitioners. Specific editorial guidelines for cartoonists and mentoring of female journalists to become cartoonists are equally required to mitigate biased cartooning.