The Alaudidae (larks) is a large family of songbirds in the superfamily Sylvioidea. Larks are cosmopolitan, although species-level diversity is by far largest in Africa, followed by Eurasia, whereas Australasia and the New World have only one species each. The present study is the first comprehensive phylogeny of the Alaudidae. It includes 83.5% of all species and representatives from all recognised genera, and was based on two mitochondrial and three nuclear loci (in total 6.4 kbp, although not all loci were available for all species). In addition, a larger sample, comprising several subspecies of some polytypic species was analysed for one of the mitochondrial loci. There was generally good agreement in trees inferred from different loci, although some strongly supported incongruences were noted. The tree based on the concatenated multilocus data was overall well resolved and well supported by the data.We stress the importance of performing single gene as well as combined data analyses, as the latter may obscure significant incongruence behind strong nodal support values. The multilocus tree revealed many unpredicted relationships, including some non-monophyletic genera (Calandrella, Mirafra, Melanocorypha, Spizocorys). The tree based on the extended mitochondrial data set revealed several unexpected deep divergences between taxa presently treated as conspecific (e.g. within Ammomanes cinctura, Ammomanes deserti, Calandrella brachydactyla, Eremophila alpestris), as well as some shallow splits between currently recognised species (e.g. Certhilauda brevirostris-C. semitorquata-C. curvirostris; Calendulauda barlowi-C. erythrochlamys; Mirafra cantillans-M. javanica). Based on our results, we propose a revised generic classification, and comment on some species limits. We also comment on the extraordinary morphological adaptability in larks, which has resulted in numerous examples of parallel evolution (e.g.

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Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effect of platelet rich plasma (PRP) and compare between single and double dose regimens among patients diagnosed with osteoarthritis admitted to the orthopedic department of Al Qassimi Hospital Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Methods: 200 patients were allocated into two groups in this randomized clinical trial. Patients were chosen to participate in this study after an informed consent. The trial took place at the Al Qassimi Hospital Sharjah, United Arab Emirates from July 2019 to July 2020. All patients had knee osteoarthritis, half of them received single dose PRP (group A) and the other half received double dose PRP (group B). All patients were adults and older than 18 years of age. Patients were followed up using Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC). The follow up was done prior to the administration of PRP, at 1 month, 3 month and 6 months after administration. Data was analyzed using SPSS program. Ethical approval was gained from the hospital as well as from patients. Results: The mean age of the patients was 48.5 ± 8.3 years. The study included 200 participants, among them, 60 were females and 140 were males. There was improvements in all parameters of WOMAC at 3 and 4 weeks following administration of PRP. The effect of PRP continued until 6 months of follow up with no differences between the two groups. Group A baseline WOMAC parameters (pain, stiffness, physical function and total score) mean score were 15.8, 6.24, 43.01 and 65.22 respectively. At the follow up, the mean scores were 4.73, 1.78, 13.88 and 19.56 respectively. This shows significant improvement. On the other hand, group B baseline mean scores were 16.31, 6.81, 40.89 and 64.77 respectively. At the final follow up of group B, the parameters mean scores were 4.40, 1.11, 13.64 and 20.27 respectively. Both groups were compared to each other and no benefit for the double dose over the single dose (P value, 0.66). Conclusion: Previous results suggests improvement in functionality in both groups of the trial. There was pain and stiffness relief among all patients. It is concluded that double dose has no additional effect to the single dose regimen.

Objective: This study aims to observe the clinical outcomes associated with in situ single-stage suture repair for knee dislocation in patients suffering from multiple knee ligament injuries with the use of unabsorbable materials of the suture. Study design: A retrospective observational study Place and Duration this study was conducted in Gambat Medical College Pir Syed Abdul Qadir Shah Jellani Institute of Medical Science GIMS Gambat from May 2021 to May 2022. Methodology: In this study35 patients treated surgically with in situ suture repair were recruited. A retrospective analysis was done on 35 patients with a mean follow-up score of 3.8 ± 1.3 years. Patients were undergone in situ surgical procedures for all the ruptured ligaments followed by a proper rehabilitation protocol post-operatively. Outcome variables were assessed by Lysholm score, satisfactory score, Meyers functional rating score, VAS score, and Tegner score. Results: Results of the study states that the mean follow-up a score of VAS was recorded as 1.98 ± 0.4, Lysholm score was recorded as 82.5 ± 6.7, and the patient satisfaction score was recorded as 7.5 ± 0.9. Statistically, significant differences have been observed between the pre and post-scores of ranges of motion and Tegner activity scores with a p-value of < 0.001 for both activity and ROM scores. Final follow-up of these patients reported that patients were left with no ligament laxity except for two patients who were unable to restore back to work. Among 35 patients, 5 were unable to achieve full ROM and had stiffness whereas two had infections at the surgical site. Conclusion: In situ suture repair of multiple ligaments had shown significant improvement in terms of ligament repair and early rehabilitation and therefore can be considered an effective treatment approach for the management of multiple ligament injuries. Keywords: Multiple ligament injuries, in situ repair, knee dislocation, cruciate ligament injury, single-stage repair.

Intramedullary nailing procedure is highly appreciated by many phsyicians for treating pediatrics forearm fractures. Minimum operating time, fewer chances of incisions, faster bone healing, and accuracy in bone alignment less rigid fixation made this technique more popular and preferable. This study was specially designed to observed the management of pediatric both forearm fracture by using the titanium elastic nail technique. Methodology: Our prospective descriptive study was conducted in King Abdul Aziz Hospital Makkah Saudi Arabia from march 2018 to march 2021. Total 60 patients were enrolled which were treated with titanium elastic nail system (TENS). In this study patients with close displaced and open type 1 fractures with age range of 4 to 14 years were included. Results: Total 42.5% of participants were under the age of 10, and  57.5% of patients were above 10 years or equal to 10 years age. We reported 58.9% prevelance of injury among male patients. Along with these, we reported 53.4% cases with left side fractures and 60.3% had middle bone fractures. In our study, we reported that the overall average union time  was 9.10±1.8. Conclusion: Titanium elastic nailing is the most effective technique for managing unstable fractures among pediatrics. The male population was more prone to forearm fracture, especially at the middle third shaft.  Overall meantime 9 weeks were reported for bone unification. Titanium elastic nailing is more effective technique for patients less than 10 years old. Mean unification time of bone was less among them with little compliactions.