This study was carried out at Berket El-Sabaa province, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt, during the period from March to June 2014. The present study aimed to study, the efficiency of pheromone traps on population fluctuation of Tuta absoluta, to determine the most suitable insecticide and rate of some selected bio and chemical insecticides against T. absoluta larvae, and to estimate the damage area of tomato leaves and fruits infested with T. absoluta after the second spray of the tested insecticides. Data showed that the population fluctuation of T. absoluta male captured has three stages, the first stage extended from 1st week of April to 1st week of May with a peak of 477.7 male/trap/week. The second stage extended from the 1st week to the 4th week of May with a peak of 210.7 male/trap/week. The third stage began from the 4th week of May to the 4th week of July (95.7 male/trap/week). Data showed that, 200 g/100 l water for each bio-pesticides such as Biovar, Bioranza, Dipel-2x and Bitoxybacillin and the rate of 75 ml/100 l water for Tracer and Challenger were the most efficient against T. absoluta larvae. In this respect, the evaluation of damage of tomato leaves by T. absoluta larvae was done under the application of some selected insecticides at the high rate. The descending arrangement of these insecticides according to their efficiency is as follows Tracer < Bitox < Challenger < Bioranza < Dipel-2x < Biovar (17.18% < 17.8% < 21.03% < 26.44% < 64.18% < 69.4% damage). The obtained data showed that Tracer gave a promising result where it recorded 16.0% damage fruit, compared with the unsprayed plots (54.3%). In general, the values obtained after the second application recorded low infested leaf area %. This explains the importance of sustainable control of T. absoluta larvae, to suppress its population. ª 2015 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf

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The serious blue butterfly, Chilades pandava -Horsfield, 1829- (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) is consider one of the main destructive insect pests for ornamental palms Cycas and Zamia. Biological and morphological measurements were carried out of C. pandava stages reared on Cycas revoluta (Cycadaceae) and Zamia encephalartoides (Zamiaceae). In description details, non-significant variations were recorded between the two gender of cycad blue butterfly in the obtained data, but the male adult was more densely blue or violet than female adult. By the aid of SEM, C. pandava all stages were distinct by long and thick hairs covered all the body. The morphometric characters namely, length, width and venation of wings, body length, forewing, hindwing could be as a guide for taxonomic discrimination. The data showed that the life cycle duration of C. pandava was ranged between 20.64 to 21.7 days. The developmental periods of different C. pandava stages are slightly higher on zamia than cycas palms. This investigation detected that a high survival rate was found on Cycas palms (86%) than the survived rate recording on Zamia palms (82%). In the present study, the described morphometric characters could be used as a guide for taxonomic discrimination of this pest. Consequently, this study added a valuable knowledge about C. pandava to have sound decisions for proposal of its management and conservation in Egypt.

Squash is an important vegetable crop and infested by numerous pests. Both cucurbit fly, Dacus ciliatus (Loew) and western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), were mainly pests in squash. Field experiment was implemented biocontrol tactics for controlling these pests on squash. The present results showed a significant effective between all sequentially spraying of six treatments with the untreated field of squash plant against D. ciliatus and F. occidentalis infestations during the two investigated fall seasons, 2021 and 2022. The highest D. ciliatus and F. occidentalis infestations on squash was obtained with the 4 th program contained sequentially spraying of Bacillus megaterium, spinetoram and emamectin benzoate plus yeast and 2% honeybee, azadrachtin + 2% black honey and mineral oil and the untreated filed during two tested fall seasons. Contrariwise, the application of 5 th and 6 th programs that contained sequentially spraying of B. megaterium, spinosad bait hydrolyzed protein + kerosene soil drench, orange oil and azadrachtin + 2% black honey gave the best results in reducing D. ciliatus and F. occidentalis infestations on squash during two fall seasons. Squash production increased in all treatments compared with untreated field, but its highest value was 4475.62 kg/feddan during two seasons. Therefore, we could be concluded that the sequentially spraying of 5 th and 6 th programs gave the higher reduction of two pests on squash. Consequently, this study can used to have sound decisions for these pest managements on cucurbits specially squash in Egypt during fall cultivations.