Background: Evaluation is one of the most important aspects of medical education. Thus, new methods of effective evaluation are required in this area, and direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS) is one of these methods. This study was conducted to systematically review the evidence involved in this type of assessment to allow the effective use of this method. Methods: Data were collected searching such keywords as evaluation, assessment, medical education, and direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS) on Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, SID, Medlib and Google and by searching unpublished sources (Gray literature) and selected references (reference of reference). Results: Of 236 papers, 28 were studied. Satisfaction with DOPS method was found to be moderate. The major strengths of this evaluation method are as follow: providing feedback to the participants and promoting independence and practical skills during assessment. However, stressful evaluation, time limitation for participants, and bias between assessors are the main drawbacks of this method. Positive impact of DOPS method on improving student performance has been noted in most studies. The results showed that the validity and reliability of DOPS are relatively acceptable. Performance of participants using DOPS was relatively satisfactory. However, not providing necessary trainings on how to take DOPS test, not providing essential feedback to participants, and insufficient time for the test are the major drawbacks of the DOPS tests. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, DOPS tests can be applied as a valuable and effective evaluation method in medical education. However, more attention should be paid to the quality of these tests.

Context: Preforming an adequate and effective dialysis is essential to improve patients' quality-of-life and decrease the complications of kidney failure. However, evidence regarding the effectiveness of dialysis among Iranian patients undergoing hemodialysis is inconclusive. The current study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of dialysis in Iranian patients undergoing hemodialysis using a systematic approach. Evidence Acquisition: In the current meta-analysis, the search was performed using the keywords "Adequacy of Dialysis" and "Hemodialysis Adequacy" in SID, MagIran, ISI/Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases from inception to July 2018. According to the heterogeneity of the studies, the data were analyzed using the random effects model with STATA version 14. Results: The mean urea kinetic modeling (Kt/V) and urea reduction ratio (URR) in Iranian patients undergoing hemodialysis were 1.11% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.81) and 59.94% (95% CI: 58.33-61.54), respectively. There was no correlation between indices of dialysis adequacy, sample size, mean age of samples, and year of the paper publication. However, Kt/V and URR in articles with high methodological quality were higher than the ones with moderate methodological quality. Conclusions: The mean adequacy of dialysis indices among Iranian patients was below the standard levels and it is necessary to consider measures to improve dialysis efficacy.

Today organizations are faced with the rapidly changeable events in economical, technological, social, cultural and political environment. Successful and dynamic reaction of organizations depends on their ability to provide relevant information and to find, at the same time, adequate solutions to the problems they are faced with. In that sense, the attention of organizational theoreticians is focused on designing of intellectual abilities of organization and new concept in organizational theory has developed organizational intelligence (OI). In two decades ago, theoretical models have been developed and little research has been conducted. Having a model for defining and assessing the organizational status of an organization can be very helpful but the key questions facing every manager are; how can the level of collective intelligence be promoted? And what factors influence OI? Therefore this research carried out in order to assess OI and its factors influencing I.A.U. and provide a structural equation model. The subject of the study was 311 faculty members of I.A.U (Zone 8). Faculty members completed OI questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha=0.98), learning climate (Cronbach's alpha=0.94), multifactor leadership questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha =0.92) and organizational learning audit (Cronbach's alpha =0.94). Findings of this research showed that mean of organizational intelligence, organizational learning and learning culture were less than mean and transformational leadership was more than mean of questionnaire. Lisrel project software was applied for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM). Based on the tested structural equation model, transformational leadership style had direct impact on learning culture (β=0.78), learning culture had a direct impact on OI (β=0.46), organizational learning had a direct impact on OI (β=0.34) and learning culture had a direct impact on organizational learning (β=0.96). The tested model had a good fit. Findings suggest that for the organizational intelligence to be promoted, these factors must be taken into account.

INTRODUCTION: Over the past decades, the pattern of diseases in human societies had changed from infectious diseases to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), and according to the report by the World Health Organization, the highest burden of disease is attributed to NCDs. The study was conducted to determine the status of hypertension, type-2 diabetes, lipid disorders, and body mass index (BMI) among the patients aged over 30 years admitted to health centers of Karaj, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, the population included 2947 men and women aged 30 years and above admitted to six health-care centers in Karaj. The questionnaire includes demographic characteristics and had the questions on hypertension, diabetes and their risk factors, like lipid disorders and BMI was administered. The data were analyzed in SPSS, version 23, software using descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and analytical (Chi-square and analysis of variance) tests ( P < 0.01). RESULTS: About 10% of the participants had diabetes and 15% of the participants had hypertension. About 32% of the participants had dyslipidemia and 87% of the participants were overweight or obese and over 35% were obese. Furthermore, with the increase in BMI, the prevalence of lipid disorder, hypertension, and type-2 diabetes increased in the studied population ( P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: According to the results, a high percentage of people had hypertension, type-2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and BMI in the population. Gender segregation showed that lipid disorders, overweight, and obesity in women were more than in men and percentage of people with hypertension among male were significantly higher than in females. In the case of type-2 diabetes, the results showed no statistically significant differences between men and women. The results may be helpful in developing educational strategies and prevention and control of these diseases.

Background & objectives: Affecting factors and concept of effectiveness is the most important and controversial issue in the field of education. According to this definition, the multiple definitions and different patterns have been formed to assess the training effectiveness and factors affecting it. This research aimed to investigate the factors affecting of educational transfer in health deputy staff of Iran University of Medical Sciences. Methods: The current research was an applied type and non-experimental in terms of controlling variables. The statistical popolation was all experts and staff of health deputy of Iran University of Medical Sciences in 1396, which were nearly 3000. The sample size of study was 358, calculated based on the Cochran formula with a 15% drop. The main tools of study were two standard questionnaires based on Likert scale. In this study, the Linear regression analysis with structural equation were used. Results: The results showed that the most and less effective variables on educational transfer in Iran University of Medical Sciences health deputy were educational content and organizational atmosphere with coefficients of determination of 0.54 and 0.077, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained from hypothesis testing and obtained effect of each independent variables on educational transfer, it can be concluded that by increasing the level and quality of educational content, a more suitable process in transfer of training would be observed in health deputy staff of Iran University of Medical Sciences, and less costs would be incurred for the organization.