This study is the first histologic evaluation of an injectable biphasic calcium phosphate (IBCP) in humans six months after socket preservation according to the principles of guided bone regeneration. After tooth extraction, the alveolar ridge of 21 patients was augmented with IBCP (maxresorb® inject) in the test group, while 20 patients in the control group received a bovine xenograft (BX) (cerabone®). Six months after augmentation, a reentry procedure was performed to collect biopsies of regenerated bone for qualitative and quantitative histologic analysis. A total of 20 biopsies were taken for analysis. Qualitative histologic analysis showed complete integration of the biomaterial and no inflammatory tissue reaction, indicating the biocompatibility of the bone grafts and the surrounding tissue in both groups. Histomorphometric analysis showed comparable results in terms of newly formed bone (IBCP: 26.47 ± 14.71%, BX: 30.47 ± 16.39%) and residual biomaterial (IBCP: 13.1 ± 14.07%, BX: 17.89 ± 11.81%), with no significant difference found across groups (p > 0.05, Mann—Whitney U test). Statistical significance between groups was found in the result of soft tissue percentage (IBCP: 60.43 ± 12.73%, BX: 51.64 ± 14.63%, p = 0.046, Mann—Whitney U test). To conclude, IBCP and BX showed good osteoconductivity and biocompatibility with comparable new bone formation six months after alveolar ridge preservation.

Following trauma, chronic periapical process, or tooth extraction, a large loss of bone volume is noticed during the healing process. To facilitate the placement of dental implants, various surgical procedures are used for an optimal alveolar ridge profile, while maintaining adequate bone dimensions. The main aim of this study was to determine the healing ability (histologically and immunohistologically) of alveolar bone defects during augmentation with two different biomaterials: injectable biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) and anorganic bovine bone (ABB). Thirty-eight subjects were randomly divided into two groups. The first group received the tested bone substitute biomaterial (BSB), i.e., BCP (maxresorb inject®), and the second group received an alternative to the gold standard, i.e., ABB (Bio-Oss®). The histopathological, histomorphometric, and immunohistochemical analyses gave comparable results for these bone substitute materials in terms of newly formed bone: (BCP: 39.91 ± 8.49%, ABB: 41.73 ± 13.99%), residual biomaterial (BCP: 28.61 ± 11.38%, ABB: 31.72 ± 15.52%), and soft tissue (BCP: 31.49 ± 11.09%, ABB: 26.54 ± 7.25%), with no significant difference found between the groups (p < 0.05, t-test), proving that BCP is equally suitable and successful for alveolar bone regeneration.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge regarding tooth avulsion and dental first aid response among Croatian students of the Faculty of Education. A cross-sectional study was conducted among students. Participants (N = 235) were female with an average age of 21.9 ± 2.7 years. The questionnaire contained 10 close-ended questions with two to eleven possible answers. Every participant chose one correct answer. Statistical significance was determined using a Chi-square test. Majority of participants had never received any kind of information on management of a knocked-out tooth. Questions in the nature of tooth injuries, a knocked-out tooth, tooth replantation and whether the knocked-out tooth should be placed back were answered confirmatively by 40.43%, 83.40%, 57.02% and 62.55% of participants, respectively. The questionnaire showed that 18.78% of participants were aware that replantation should be performed within 30 min. The appropriate cleaning and transport medium was chosen by 40.85% and 35.31% of participants, respectively. A nearby dentist would be visited by 66.38% of students. Only 8.08% of participants provided a correct answer to all of the knowledge-based questions. The “I do not know” answer was chosen by 18.30% of participants whenever it was offered. This indicates that the majority (89.78%) were not aware of the fact that the procedure they chose would be inappropriate. The current study confirmed that future primary school teachers have a lack of knowledge for immediate response to tooth avulsion, leaving small chances for a successful prognosis of tooth replantation.

Background : Following tooth extraction, the alveolar ridge undergoes dimensional changes. Various biomaterials are used to reduce alveolar ridge volume loss following tooth extraction by stimulating new bone formation. Maxresorb ® inject (Botiss Biomaterials GmbH, Germany) is a biphasic material composed of a water-based gel with 60% HA and 40% β-TCP. BioOss ® (Geistlich Pharma AG, Switzerland) is a porous bone mineral matrix which is produced by removing all organic components from bovine bone. Aim/Hypothesis : This study aimed to examine the regenerative potential of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) (Maxresorb ® inject), by assessing histological results of bone biopsy collected from healing sockets and comparing them to inorganic bovine bone (BioOss ®), after a healing period of 6 months. Materials and Methods : The study is designed as a randomized controlled, two-phase study. In the first phase, 30 patients that qualified for participation in the research were divided randomly into 2 groups of 15 individuals. The bone substitute materials were implanted in extraction sockets after teeth removal. The first group underwent tooth extractions and socket augmentation with Maxresorb ® inject. In the other group socket preservation was performed using BioOss ®. In both groups, the sockets were covered by native collagen membrane. After 6 months of healing, biopsy was harvested prior to implant placement for histological analysis. Histological sections were examined under the light microscope. Results : Preliminary results-The preliminary histological analysis revealed remaining BCP particles in intimate contact with the newly formed bone in the case of Maxresorb ® inject. Histological specimens of BioOss ® observed under light microscope also showed incorporation of the hydroxyapatite particles into the newly mineralized bone. In both materials, there were no histological signs of tissue inflammation. Furthermore, both materials exhibited easy handling and patients had no complications during healing period. Conclusions and Clinical Implications : Although a small number of patients were treated, along with the preliminary nature of this study, histological findings indicate osteoconductive properties of both materials included in this study. However, additional research is required to obtain histological and clinical features of Maxresorb ® inject and BioOss ® regarding their osteoconductive properties.

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