A estrutura da pastagem é uma característica determinante tanto da dinâmica de crescimento da planta quanto do comportamento ingestivo dos animais. O objetivo do trabalho foi descrever a densidade da forragem e a proporção dos componentes morfológicos da planta, nos estratos verticais de pastagens de capim Marandu, submetido ao pastejo em diferentes alturas. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado e as análises de variância e de regressão. Durante o experimento, as alturas médias dos seis piquetes utilizados foram de 10, 17, 18, 29, 32 e 50 cm. O material coletado foi separado, em lâmina foliar, colmo verde e material morto, que foram analisados quanto ao teor de matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro. Os estratos verticais apresentaram diferentes composições em relação aos componentes morfológicos de acordo com a altura do pasto. Os estratos próximos ao solo apresentaram maior densidade de forragem com valores de 370 a 543 kg/ha.cm, maior proporção de colmos verdes (30 a 53%) e material morto (25 a 52%) e menor de lâminas foliares (10 a 35%). Independente da altura do pasto, os estratos superiores são mais sensíveis aos efeitos do animal e do ambiente, e apresentaram maiores teores de PB e FDN para lâminas foliares e colmos. Nos estratos acima de 15 cm, os valores de PB e FDN das lâminas foliares verdes variaram entre 10,3 e 13,6% e 49,3 e 54,2%, respectivamente. O manejo em diferentes alturas altera as características dos estratos verticais do pasto, principalmente, nos estratos acima de 15 cm.   Palavras-chave: Altura do Pasto. Densidade Forrageira. Colmos Verdes. Material Morto. Lâmina Foliar.   Abstract The pasture structure is a determining characteristic of both the plant growth dynamics and the animals ingestive behavior. The objective of the work was to describe the density and the proportion of the plant’morphological components, in the pastures vertical strata of Marandu grass, subjected to grazing at different heights. The design used was completely randomized and the analysis of variance and regression.  During the experiment, the average heights of  six paddocks used were 10, 17, 18, 29, 32 and 50 cm. The collected material was separated into leaf blade, green stem and dead material, which were analyzed as to the dry matter content, crude protein and fiber in neutral detergent. The vertical strata presented different compositions in relation to the morphological components according to the height of the pasture.  The near-soil strata showed higher forage density with values from 370 to 543 kg/ha.cm, higher proportion of green stems (30 to 53%) and dead material (25 to 52%) and smaller number of leaf blades (10 to 35%). Regardless of the height of the pasture, the upper strata are more sensitive to the animal and the environment effects, and presented higher levels of CP and NDF for leaf blades and stems.  In the strata above 15 cm, the values of PB and NDF of the green leaf blades varied between 10.3 and 13.6% and 49.3 and 54.2%, respectively. The management of different heights change the characteristics of the pasturevertical strata, mainly in the strata above 15 cm.   Keywords: Height of the Pasture. Forage Density. Green Stems. Dead Material. Leaf Laminas.

O tamanho em que o leitão nasce, está relacionado com o tamanho da leitegada. Sendo assim, quanto maior o número de leitões nascidos, menores serão os leitões. Para um bom desenvolvimento do leitão, desde a maternidade até o abate, o seu peso ao nascer deve ser no mínimo de 1,2 Kg. Dessa forma, o índice de mortalidade desse animal é de 16%. Já leitões que nascem com o peso inferior a 1 Kg, o índice de mortalidade sobe bruscamente, em torno de 65 a 100%. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar e recuperar os animais refugos, com pesos inferiores a 1 Kg ao nascer. O leite era coletado das porcas após o desmame dos seus leitões, administrando ocitocina intravenosa na veia auricular. Logo em seguida, era realizado a ordenha manual e posteriormente o leite era acondicionado em recipientes estéril e congelado. Os leitões selecionados eram separados e alimentados artificialmente, com o auxílio de uma mamadeira. No experimento avaliou-se 30 leitões refugos, divididos igualmente em 3 repetições. Ao término de cada repetição os leitões eram pesados e realocados em uma nova matriz que viesse a parir na semana. Foram avaliados a taxa de mortalidade, o peso ao nascer, ganho de peso diário e peso final. Os leitões amamentados artificialmente apresentaram taxa de mortalidade de 10%, e resultados inferiores no ganho de peso diário e final do que os amamentados naturalmente, que por outro lado, se tratando de produção, esses resultados encontrados se tornaram interessantes, pois esses leitões recuperados continuarão seu ciclo de produção.   Palavras-chave: Amamentação Artificial. Desempenho. Mortalidade. Refugos. Suínos.   Abstract The size at which the piglet is born is related to the size of the litter. Therefore, the greater the number of piglets born, the smaller the piglets will be. For a good development of the piglet, from maternity to slaughter, its weight at birth must be at least 1.2 kg. Thus, the mortality rate of this animal is 16%. Piglets that are born weighing less than 1 kg, the mortality rate rises sharply, around 65 to 100%. The present study aimed to evaluate and recover the scrap animals, weighing less than 1 kg at birth. Milk was collected from the sows after weaning their piglets, administering intravenous oxytocin in the auricular vein. Soon afterwards, manual milking was carried out and later the milk was stored in sterile and frozen containers. The selected piglets were separated and fed artificially with the aid of a bottle. In the experiment, 30 piglets were evaluated, divided equally into 3 replicates. At the end of each repetition, the piglets were weighed and relocated in a new matrix that would give birth in the week. Mortality rate, birth weight, daily weight gain and final weight were evaluated. Piglets that were artificially breastfed had a mortality rate of 10%, and lower results in daily and final weight gain than those that were naturally breastfed, which on the other hand, when it comes to production, these results became interesting, as these recovered piglets will your production cycle.   Keywords: Artificial Breastfeeding. Mortality. Performance. Pigs. Refuse.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of compaction degree and particle size on the presence of mycotoxins and the bromatological composition of corn silages. Samples from 47 silos with forage corn silage were collected from the northern region of Paraná State, Brazil. The bromatological composition and concentration of mycotoxin in silages were analyzed according to both the compaction degree (600 kg.m-3 and 700 kg.m-3) and particle size. Mycotoxins were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and test results were considered positive when the mycotoxin concentration was above the detection limit of 100 µg.kg-1 for deoxynivalenol, 2.5 µg.kg-1 for aflatoxin, 5 µg.kg-1 for zearalenone, and 200 µg.kg-1 for fumonisin. Silages with 600 kg.m-3 compaction degree had higher initial and final pH than silages with a higher compaction degree. Silage with a mean particle size less than or equal to 14.56 mm had 12% higher dry matter content than silage with a mean particle size more than 14.56 mm. There was no effect of the compaction degree or particle size on the concentration of mycotoxin, and 83% of the analyzed samples had contamination above the detection limits according to at least one of the studied mycotoxins. Silages with smaller average particle sizes had higher dry matter content. Thus, the degree of compaction and particle size did not affect the presence of mycotoxins in corn silage

The present study aimed to obtain, through statistical methods, the independent variables that influence the economic and productive results of Brazilian beef cattle. Economic and productive information was collected from 106 farms in Brazil. Data collection was performed by the Instituto de Métricas Agropecuárias (Inttegra). The variable selection method used was stepwise regression followed by polynomial regression analyses. The variable beef cattle economic result showed the positive effect of disbursement per head per month and average weight gain. An average daily gain of 520 g in live weight was obtained, and this variable was influenced especially by nutrition cost. The arroba production (arroba is a unit of weight corresponding to 15kg) was influenced by the linear effect of nutrition cost and stocking rate. The variable arroba production in pasture showed a linear and positive effect of average weight gain in pasture and stocking rate in pasture. For profit per arroba, the variables nutrition cost, disbursement with pasture, and average sale price had a linear effect. The independent variables that had the greatest influence on the response variables were stocking rate, average daily weight gain, and nutrition cost. Thus, increases in investment in nutrition and stocking rate should result in higher production rates and improvements in the profitability of this activity.

O tamanho em que o leitão nasce, está relacionado com o tamanho da leitegada. Sendo assim, quanto maior o número de leitões nascidos, menores serão os leitões. Para um bom desenvolvimento do leitão, desde a maternidade até o abate, o seu peso ao nascer deve ser no mínimo de 1,2 Kg. Dessa forma, o índice de mortalidade desse animal é de 16%. Já leitões que nascem com o peso inferior a 1 Kg, o índice de mortalidade sobe bruscamente, em torno de 65 a 100%. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar e recuperar os animais refugos, com pesos inferiores a 1 Kg ao nascer. O leite era coletado das porcas após o desmame dos seus leitões, administrando ocitocina intravenosa na veia auricular. Logo em seguida, era realizado a ordenha manual e posteriormente o leite era acondicionado em recipientes estéril e congelado. Os leitões selecionados eram separados e alimentados artificialmente, com o auxílio de uma mamadeira. No experimento avaliou-se 30 leitões refugos, divididos igualmente em 3 repetições. Ao término de cada repetição os leitões eram pesados e realocados em uma nova matriz que viesse a parir na semana. Foram avaliados a taxa de mortalidade, o peso ao nascer, ganho de peso diário e peso final. Os leitões amamentados artificialmente apresentaram taxa de mortalidade de 10%, e resultados inferiores no ganho de peso diário e final do que os amamentados naturalmente, que por outro lado, se tratando de produção, esses resultados encontrados se tornaram interessantes, pois esses leitões recuperados continuarão seu ciclo de produção.   Palavras-chave: Amamentação Artificial. Desempenho. Mortalidade. Refugos. Suínos.   Abstract The size at which the piglet is born is related to the size of the litter. Therefore, the greater the number of piglets born, the smaller the piglets will be. For a good development of the piglet, from maternity to slaughter, its weight at birth must be at least 1.2 kg. Thus, the mortality rate of this animal is 16%. Piglets that are born weighing less than 1 kg, the mortality rate rises sharply, around 65 to 100%. The present study aimed to evaluate and recover the scrap animals, weighing less than 1 kg at birth. Milk was collected from the sows after weaning their piglets, administering intravenous oxytocin in the auricular vein. Soon afterwards, manual milking was carried out and later the milk was stored in sterile and frozen containers. The selected piglets were separated and fed artificially with the aid of a bottle. In the experiment, 30 piglets were evaluated, divided equally into 3 replicates. At the end of each repetition, the piglets were weighed and relocated in a new matrix that would give birth in the week. Mortality rate, birth weight, daily weight gain and final weight were evaluated. Piglets that were artificially breastfed had a mortality rate of 10%, and lower results in daily and final weight gain than those that were naturally breastfed, which on the other hand, when it comes to production, these results became interesting, as these recovered piglets will your production cycle.   Keywords: Artificial Breastfeeding. Mortality. Performance. Pigs. Refuse.