Eukaryotic 5-methylcytosine RNA methyltransferases catalyze the transfer of a methyl group to the fifth carbon of a cytosine base in RNA sequences to produce 5-methylcytosine (m5C). m5C RNA methyltransferases play a crucial role in the maintenance of functionality and stability of RNA. Viruses have developed a number of strategies to suppress host innate immunity and ensure efficient transcription and translation for the replication of new virions. One such viral strategy is to use host m5C RNA methyltransferases to modify viral RNA and thus to affect antiviral host responses. Here, we summarize the latest findings concerning the roles of m5C RNA methyltransferases, namely, NOL1/NOP2/SUN domain (NSUN) proteins and DNA methyltransferase 2/tRNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT2/TRDMT1) during viral infections. Moreover, the use of m5C RNA methyltransferase inhibitors as an antiviral therapy is discussed.

Abstract-We study the possibility to extend the concept of linguistic data summaries employing the notion of bipolarity. Yager's linguistic summaries may be derived using a fuzzy linguistic querying interface. We look for a similar analogy between bipolar queries and the extended form of linguistic summaries. The general concept of bipolar query, and its special interpretation are recalled, which turns out to be applicable to accomplish our goal. Some preliminary results are presented and possible directions of further research are pointed out.

The concept of bipolar linguistic summaries of data, introduced by Dziedzic, Zadrożny and Kacprzyk [1], is further developed. These summaries are meant as an extension of the "classical" linguistic summarization [2], [3], a human-consistent data mining technique, making it possible to express more complex patterns present in data. The focus of the paper is to provide a deeper insight into the very concept of these summaries and illustrating them with some practical examples. Results of preliminary computational experiments are included.

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