Introduction Cervical and anus cancers have similarities: association with HPV infection, epithelial transformation zone, and precursor lesions. However, it is still unclear whether women with cervical cancer should be screened to identify high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and anal cancer. We aimed to identify high‐risk HPV and cytological atypia in anal samples from women diagnosed with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Study design We conducted a cross‐sectional study between July 2016 and August 2017 in reference services in oncology in the State of Ceará, Brazil. We studied 59 patients diagnosed with frankly invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix (at least stages IB) and 60 women in a control group. We performed liquid‐based cytology (Surepath™) and HPV test (Cobas® 4800 System Test) of anal samples. To determine statistical significance with a confidence interval of 95%, we used Fisher's exact test and Student's t‐test using the GraphPad Prism 7.0 software. Results The mean age in the control group was 56.7 ± 8.5 years, while in the group of women with cervical squamous cancer, it was 54.3 ± 14.8. The liquid‐based cytology results of the satisfactory cases were: negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NLM): 51 cases (85%) in the control group and 38 (64.4%) in the study group (p = .0116). The HPV test was negative more frequently in the control group (n = 56, 93.3%) than in the study group (n = 17, 31.5%) (p < .0001). HPV 16 was the most frequent type (67.6%). Conclusions There is a higher frequency of high‐risk HPV and atypical cytology in women with cervical cancer than without lesions. Thus, this group should be considered as a target population for screening.