Anaplasmataceae agents are obligatory intracellular Gram-negative α-proteobacteria that are transmitted mostly by arthropod vectors. Although mammals of the Superorder Xenarthra (sloths, anteaters, and armadillos) have been implicated as reservoirs for several zoonotic agents, only few studies have sought to detect Anaplasmataceae agents in this group of mammals. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and genetic diversity of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. in blood and spleen samples of free-living Xenarthra from four different states in Brazil (São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rondônia, and Pará). Nested and conventional PCR screening assays were performed to detect the rrs and dsb genes of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp., respectively. The assays were positive in 27.57% (91/330) of the Anaplasma spp. and 24.54% (81/330) of the Ehrlichia spp. Of the 91 positive Anaplasma spp. samples, 56.04% were positive in a conventional PCR assay targeting the 23S–5S intergenic region. Phylogenetic and distance analyses based on the rrs gene allocated Anaplasma sequences from sloths captured in Rondônia and Pará states in a single clade, which was closely related to the A. marginale , A. ovis, and A. capra clades. The sequences detected in southern anteaters from São Paulo were allocated in a clade closely related to sequences of Anaplasma spp. detected in Nasua nasua , Leopardus pardalis , and Cerdocyon thous in Brazil. These sequences were positioned close to A. odocoilei sequences. Genotype analysis corroborated previous findings and demonstrated the circulation of two distinct Anaplasma genotypes in animals from north and southeast Brazil. The first genotype was new. The second was previously detected in N. nasua in Mato Grosso do Sul state. The intergenic region analyses also demonstrated two distinct genotypes of Anaplasma . The sequences detected in Xenarthra from Pará and Rondônia states were closely related to those in A. marginale , A. ovis, and A. capra . Anaplasma spp. sequences detected in Xenarthra from São Paulo and were allocated close to those in A. phagocytophilum . The analyses based on the dsb gene grouped the Ehrlichia spp. sequences with sequences of E. canis (São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Pará) and E. minasensis (Rondônia and Pará). The data indicate the occurrence of E....
The present study aimed to investigate, by molecular techniques, the occurrence of Anaplasmataceae, Bartonellaceae, Rickettsiaceae, Mycoplasmataceae, Coxiellaceae, and Babesiidae/Theileriidae agents in blood samples of free-living wild boars (Sus scrofa) and associated ticks in south-eastern Brazil. For this purpose, 67 blood samples and 265 ticks (264 Amblyomma sculptum and one Amblyomma ovale) were analysed.In the screening for Anaplasmataceae agents by a PCR assay based on the 16S rRNA gene, 5.97% blood samples and 50.54% ticks were positive. In the PCR assay for Ehrlichia spp. based on the dsb gene, 9.24% of ticks were positive. Despite the low occurrence, a possible new 16S rRNA genotype of Anaplasma sp. was detected in a wild boar's blood sample. According to phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA, gltA, and sodB genes and ITS (23S-5S rRNA) intergenic region, it was found that A. sculptum and A. ovale ticks collected from wild boars carry Ehrlichia genotypes phylogenetically associated with Ehrlichia ewingii, Ehrlichia ruminantium, and new Ehrlichia genotypes previously detected in horses, peccaries, and ticks collected from jaguars.In the screening for haemoplasmas by a qPCR based on the 16S rRNA gene, 88.06% of blood samples and 8.69% of ticks were positive. Mycoplasma suis, Mycoplasma parvum, and a possible new haemoplasma genotype were detected in wild boars in southeastern Brazil. In the screening for Bartonella spp. using a nuoG-based qPCR assay, 3.8% of tick samples were positive. Phylogenetic inferences positioned four nuoG and one r gltA Bartonella sequences into the same clade as Bartonella machadoae. No blood or tick samples from wild boars showed to be positive in the qPCR for Coxiella burnetii based on the IS1111 gene. On the other hand, only 1.6% of ticks were positive in the e2808
Introdução: O presente artigo discute os Cuidados em Saúde Mental na Rede de Atenção Psicossocial, considerando sua trajetória com olhar crítico sobre atuação na atualidade, enfocando avanças obtidos, os impasses sobre a funcionalidade e efetividade dos serviços de atenção à saúde mental, instituída no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e os desafios encontrados na práxis. Objetivo: O objetivo geral deste ensaio é descrever de forma contextualizada sobre cuidados em saúde mental no Brasil desde a reforma sanitária até os dias atuais. Material e métodos: Trata-se de ensaio descritivo com abordagem quantitativa, com critérios de inclusão e exclusão artigos que tratam de cuidados em saúde mental e atenção psicossocial que abordem a reforma psiquiátrica até organização dos serviços atualmente com publicação entre 2011/2016. Sendo realizado o recorte de quatro artigos dentro dos critérios adotados. Resultados: É possível descrever que há uma evolução significativa, no tratamento às pessoas com transtornos mentais, que passaram a contar com a possibilidade de cuidado humanizado, objetivando integrálas a sociedade, garantindo-lhes autonomia desprovida no modelo manicomial excludente, abrangendo também os usuários de crack, álcool e outras drogas. Entende-se que um dos grandes impasses na RAPS nos dias atuais, se dá pela valorização à centralidade no médico, sustentando e fortalecendo, a utilização do modelo biomédico, priorizando as intervenções farmacológicas, podendo contribuir ao menosprezo de elementos como a história de vida e o significado do sofrimento humano. Isso pode contribuir significativamente na representação social do Hospital Psiquiátrico como recurso terapêutico supereminente, podendo fornecer uma impressão de insuficiência no modelo atual de cuidados em saúde mental. Dado o exposto, compreende-se que tal postura, pode estimular inconscientemente novas institucionalizações, levando em consideração a acomodação para os profissionais de saúde na contenção dos sintomas em situações de crise, como era no modelo manicomial. Logo, percebe-se o desafio da RAPS, de fortalecer intervenções, com foco na assistência multiprofissional na lógica interdisciplinar, descentralizando os profissionais médicos de uma lógica detentora do poder, ampliando possibilidades de intervenções, em situação de crise e evitar novas institucionalizações.
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