To determine the effects of assimilate and water supply on the determination of mango fruit quality, the seasonal variations of minerals, acids and sugar concentrations were investigated over two successive years. To manipulate the assimilate supply, selected branches were girdled to provide ratios of 10, 25, 50 and 100 leaves per fruit. Irrigation was managed to provide two types of water supply treatments. Fruit growth rate was greater when increasing the leaf:fruit ratio. Structural dry matter content and total dry matter content of flesh were higher in fruit with higher leaf:fruit ratios. Treatments had no effect on the structural to total dry matter ratio of flesh. Potassium and magnesium to structural dry weight ratios were not affected by treatments, whereas the calcium to structural dry weight ratio was higher in the flesh of fruit grown under low leaf:fruit ratios. Low assimilate supply increased the ratios of malic and citric acid to structural dry weight. This treatment had little effect on acid concentrations. Glucose and fructose to structural dry weight ratios were higher when assimilate supply was lower. Low leaf:fruit ratios increased fructose concentration but not glucose concentration. Irrigation treatment strongly affected fructose concentration. Sucrose concentration, based either on structural dry matter or on fresh matter, was significantly increased by higher leaf-to-fruit ratios. When the fruit was close to maturity, levels of sucrose storage and starch breakdown were positively correlated with assimilate supply. Levels of starch breakdown were correlated with irrigation supply. The effects of these treatments on sugar concentrations may change fruit taste.
We modeled the effects of weather and source-sink factors on mango fruit growth. The peach fruit-growth model "Cashoo" was adapted for mango fruit. The model accounts for the main processes of fruit growth, i.e., leaf photosynthesis, fruit demand, fruit respiration, and storage and mobilization of leaf and stem reserves. Simulations for three successive years and for various leaf-to-fruit ratio treatments showed good agreement with observed fruit growth data. Simulations of fruit growth under different climatic conditions, especially with contrasting temperature and radiation, and for different values of initial fruit dry mass and leaf-to-fruit ratio, showed that variations in fruit growth among years can be partly explained by climatic variations through their effects on leaf photosynthesis, fruit demand and fruit growth rate. However, climatic changes contribute substantially less to observed variability in fruit growth than to initial fruit dry mass and leaf-to-fruit ratio.
Changes in elastic and plastic components of mango (Mangifera indica L. cv 'Cogshall') fruit growth were analyzed with a model of fruit growth over time and in response to various assimilate supplies. The model is based on water relations (water potential and osmotic and turgor pressures) at the fruit level. Variation in elastic fruit growth was modeled as a function of the elastic modulus and variation in turgor pressure. Variation in plastic fruit growth was modeled using the Lockhart (1965) equation. In this model, plastic growth parameters (yield threshold pressure and cell wall extensibility) varied during fruit growth. Outputs of the model were diurnal and seasonal fruit growth, and fruit turgor pressure. These variables were simulated with good accuracy by the model, particularly the observed increase in fruit size with increasing availability of assimilate supply. Shrinkage was sensitive to the surface conductance of fruit peel, the elasticity modulus and the hydraulic conductivity of fruit, whereas fruit growth rate was highly sensitive to parameters linked to changes in wall extensibility and yield threshold pressure, regardless of the assimilate supply. According to the model, plastic growth was generally zero during the day and shrinkage and swelling were linked to the elastic behavior of the fruit. During the night, plastic and elastic growths were positive, resulting in fruit expansion.
Mango, a tropical fruit of great economic importance, is generally harvested green and then commercialised after a period of storage. Unfortunately, the final quality of mango batches is highly heterogeneous, in fruit size as well as in gustatory quality and postharvest behaviour. A large amount of knowledge has been gathered on the effects of the maturity stage at harvest and postharvest conditions on the final quality of mango. Considerably less attention has been paid to the influence of environmental factors on mango growth, quality traits, and postharvest behaviour. In this paper, we provide a review of studies on mango showing how environmental factors influence the accumulation of water, structural and non-structural dry matter in the fruit during its development. These changes are discussed with respect to the evolution of quality attributes on the tree and after harvest. The preharvest factors presented here are light, temperature, carbon and water availabilities, which can be controlled by various cultural practices such as tree pruning, fruit thinning and irrigation management. We also discuss recent advances in modelling mango function on the tree according to environmental conditions that, combined with experimental studies, can improve our understanding of how these preharvest conditions affect mango growth and quality. Key words: environmental conditions, fruit load, irrigation, shelf life, size, taste Uma revisão dos fatores pré-colheita que influenciam o crescimento, qualidade e comportamento pós-colheita de frutos de manga: Manga, um fruto tropical de grande importância, é geralmente colhido verde e comercializado após um período de armazenamento. Infelizmente, a qualidade final da manga na prateleira é altamente heterogênea, em termos de tamanho do fruto, qualidade do paladar e comportamento pós-colheita. Tem-se obtido uma quantidade expressiva de informações sobre os efeitos do estádio de maturação e condições pós-colheita sobre a qualidade final da manga. Contudo, tem-se dado atenção consideravelmente menor à influência dos fatores ambientes sobre o crescimento da manga, características de qualidade e comportamento pós-colheita. Neste artigo, faz-se uma revisão dos estudos sobre manga, evidenciando-se como fatores ambientes afetam o acúmulo de água e de matéria seca estrutural e não-estrutural nos frutos durante o seu desenvolvimento. Discutem-se essas alterações com relação à evolução de atributos de qualidade dos frutos ainda nas plantas e após a colheita. Os fatores de pré-colheita abordados são luz, temperatura, disponibilidades de água e de carbono, raleio de frutos e manejo da irrigação. Discutem-se também recentes avanços sobre modelagem associada à função do fruto na planta, conforme as condições ambientes que, combinados com estudos experimentais, pode melhorar a nossa compreensão sobre como as condições de pré-colheita afetam o crescimento e a qualidade da manga. Palavras-chave: carga de frutos, condições ambientes, irrigação, paladar, vida de prateleira 288 Braz.
The fruit is a hierarchically organized organ composed of cells from different tissues. Its quality, defined by traits such as fruit size and composition, is the result of a complex chain of biological processes. These processes involve exchanges (transpiration, respiration, photosynthesis, phloem and xylem fluxes, and ethylene emission) between the fruit and its environment (atmosphere or plant), tissue differentiation, and cell functioning (division, endoreduplication, expansion, metabolic transformations, and vacuolar storage). In order to progress in our understanding of quality development, it is necessary to analyse the fruit as a system, in which processes interact. In this case, a process-based modelling approach is particularly powerful. Such a modelling approach is proposed to develop a future 'virtual fruit' model. The value of a virtual fruit for agronomists and geneticists is also discussed.
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