In the USA and Europe, maize (Zea mays L.) is often planted into soils that are or become cold and wet resulting in reduced field emergence, poor stands, and lower economic yields. This study was conducted to determine the relative merits of two germination tests, the cold and soak tests, for prediction of field emergence when soil temperatures are suboptimal for germination. The effects of initial seed moisture on field emergence were also investigated. Field emergence of 48 maize inbred lines was measured in eight locations in 1986 and 1987. The seeds of each inbred were also cold and soak tested. Seeds taken directly from conditioned storage and seeds dried to 80 g kg−1 moisture were used in these studies. In 1986, the cold and soak test were equally correlated with field emergence r = 0.43** (significant at the 0.01 level of probability) and 0.40** respectively. In 1987, the cold test was more highly correlated with field emergence (r = 0.74**) than the soak test (r = 0.43**). These correlations between laboratory germination tests and field emergence were affected by both location and year. Drying seeds to 80 g kg−1 moisture resulted in an overall 5% decrease in field emergence in both years. There was a significant inbred line‐by‐year interaction, but only one inbred was significantly affected in both years. The value of these germination tests as a tool to aid selection was also investigated and both tests were equally accurate (60% agreement) at predicting those inbreds with field emergence in the lower 30% in both years. The soak test may be considered a rapid, inexpensive, and effective selection tool for elimination of those inbreds with poor field emergence, however, the cold test was superior for prediction of the field emergence of a wide range of inbred lines in a number of environments.
Canola oil is high in oleic acid which is commonly used for food and industrial purposes. To determine adaptability of spring canola (Brassica napus L.) to the High Plains for industrial oil production, 26 irrigated trials were conducted from 2005 to 2008. Trials were divided into five regions-1: 36-37 • N 108 • W; 2: 39-40 • N 101-103 • W; 3: 41-42 • N 102-103 • W; 4: 41-42 • N 104 • W; 5: 43-44 • N 106-108 • W. Cultural practices were based on site-specific protocols. Four cultivars, Hyola 401, Hyola 357 Magnum, SW Marksman, and SW Patriot, were planted in replicated plots in April or May under standard irrigation and harvested in July to October depending on region. Seed yield Hyola 401 and Hyola 357 Magnum were higher than SW Marksman and SW Patriot across the five regions and within Regions 1, 2, 3, and 5. Regions 1, 2 and 3 yielded significantly greater than did Regions 4 and 5. Samples from 18 trials were examined for their oil content and fatty acid distribution. The four cultivars had greater than 38% oil content; SW Marksman and SW Patriot had higher oil content than Hyola 401 and Hyola 357 Mag. Higher oil content was achieved in Regions 1, 4 and 5. Across and within regions, the percent of oleic acid did not differ for the four cultivars. The mean content of oleic acid decreased going north from Region 2 to Region 5, as did seed yield in the High Plains. Linoleic acid increased going north from Region 1. Linolenic acids showed little variation across regions. Considering yield and total oil content together, growing spring canola would be excellent in the High Plains.
Information technology (IT) firms are paying developers in Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) projects, leading to the emergence of hybrid forms of work. In order to understand how the firm–project hybridisation process occurs, we present the results of an online survey of participants in the Debian project, as well as interviews with Debian Developers. We find that the intermingling of the commercial logic of the firm and the communal logic of the project requires rhetorical legitimation. We analyse the discourses used to legitimise firm–project cooperation as well as the organisational mechanisms which facilitate this cooperation. A first phase of legitimation, based on firm adoption of open licenses and developer self-fulfilment, aims to erase the commercial/communal divide. A second more recent phase seeks to professionalise work relations inside the project and, in doing so, challenges the social order which restricts participation in FOSS. Ultimately, hybridisation raises the question of the fair distribution of the profits firms derive from FOSS.
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