The charge storage mechanism in MnO2 electrode, used in aqueous electrolyte, was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thin MnO2 films deposited on a platinum substrate and thick MnO2 composite electrodes were used. First, the cyclic voltammetry data established that only a thin layer of MnO2 is involved in the redox process and electrochemically active. Second, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data revealed that the manganese oxidation state was varying from III to IV for the reduced and oxidized forms of thin film electrodes, respectively, during the charge/discharge process. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data also show that Na+ cations from the electrolyte were involved in the charge storage process of MnO2 thin film electrodes. However, the Na/Mn ratio for the reduced electrode was much lower than what was anticipated for charge compensation dominated by Na+, thus suggesting the involvement of protons in the pseudofaradaic mechanism. An important finding of this work is that, unlike thin film electrodes, no change of the manganese oxidation state was detected for a thicker composite electrode because only a very thin layer is involved in the charge storage process.

R-MnO 2 was synthesized by a very simple coprecipitation technique and tested as active electrode material for an electrochemical supercapacitor. The powder presents a poorly crystallized cryptomelane phase with a chemical composition of K 0.05 MnO 2 H 0.10 ‚0.15H 2 O. Different aqueous electrolytes were tested including 0.1 M Na 2 SO 4 , 0.5 M K 2 HPO 4 /KH 2 PO 4 buffer solution, 0.3 M H 2 SO 4 , and 1 M NaOH, but interesting pseudocapacitance behavior was only observed in the case of 0.1 M Na 2 SO 4 . Further testing using this electrolyte showed that an average capacitance of 166 F/g can be reproducibly obtained within a voltage range -0.4/+0.5 V vs Hg/Hg 2 SO 4 using a sweep rate of 2 mV/s. This interesting value is mainly due to the chimisorption of Na + ions and/or protons at the surface of the R-MnO 2 electrode. Nearly all the Mn surface atoms are involved in the pseudocapacitive process. Therefore, the high specific capacitance seems to be related to the high surface area of the MnO 2 powder rather than intercalation of Na + ions and/or protons in the structure of R-MnO 2 . An optimum composition of 80% of active material in the composite electrode was determined. With such a composition, the R-MnO 2 electrode can withstand 1000 cycles with 100% capacitance retention.