Introduction Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (j-SLE) is a rare chronic autoimmune disease affecting multiple organs. Ranging from minor features, such as headache or mild cognitive impairment, to serious and life-threatening presentations, j-neuropsychiatric SLE (j-NPSLE) is a therapeutic challenge. Thus, the diagnosis of NPSLE remains difficult, especially in pediatrics, with no specific biomarker of the disease yet validated. Objectives To identify central nervous system (CNS) disease biomarkers of j-NPSLE. Methods A 5-year retrospective tertiary reference monocentric j-SLE study. A combination of standardized diagnostic criteria and multidisciplinary pediatric clinical expertise was combined to attribute NP involvement in the context of j-SLE. Neopterin and interferon-alpha (IFN-α) protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were assessed, together with routine biological and radiological investigations. Results Among 51 patients with j-SLE included, 39% presented with j-NPSLE. J-NPSLE was diagnosed at onset of j-SLE in 65% of patients. No specific routine biological or radiological marker of j-NPSLE was identified. However, CSF neopterin levels were significantly higher in active j-NPSLE with CNS involvement than in j-SLE alone (p = 0.0008). Neopterin and IFN-α protein levels in CSF were significantly higher at diagnosis of j-NPSLE with CNS involvement than after resolution of NP features (respectively p = 0.0015 and p = 0.0010) upon immunosuppressive treatment in all patients tested (n = 10). Both biomarkers correlated strongly with each other (Rs = 0.832, p < 0.0001, n = 23 paired samples). Conclusion CSF IFN-α and neopterin constitute promising biomarkers useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of activity in j-NPSLE.
L’arthrite juvénile idiopathique (AJI) est une maladie inflammatoire chronique caractérisée par la présence d’une ou plusieurs arthrites (inflammations des articulations) chez l’enfant. Les mécanismes exacts responsables de son développement restent inconnus. Pour de nombreuses maladies inflammatoires, un dialogue altéré entre le microbiote intestinal et son hôte est un élément clé de leur physiopathologie. Les micro-ARN (miARN) fécaux, de petits ARN non codants synthétisés par l’hôte que l’on retrouve dans les fèces, semblent jouer un rôle important dans ce dialogue. Dans l’AJI, si la présence d’une dysbiose et d’une modification du profil des miARN présents dans le sang, dans les cellules et les articulations ont été établies, les spécificités des miARN fécaux des patients n’ont pas été étudiées. Nous discutons, dans cette revue, l’intérêt d’une étude concomitante des miARN fécaux et du microbiote intestinal ches les patients atteints d’AJI, un concept qui apparaît essentiel pour la compréhension de la physiopathologie de cette maladie.
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