During the COVID-19 crisis, the French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE) used aggregated and anonymous counting indicators based on network signaling data of three of the four mobile network operators (MNOs) in France to measure the distribution of population over the territory during and after the lockdown and to enrich the toolbox of high-frequency economic indicators used to follow the economic situation. INSEE’s strategy was to combine information coming from different MNOs together with the national population estimates it usually produces in order to get more reliable statistics and to measure uncertainty. This paper relates and situates this initiative within the long-term methodological collaborations between INSEE and different MNOs, and INSEE, Eurostat, and some other European national statistical institutes (NSIs). These collaborations aim at constructing experimental official statistics on the population present in a given place and at a given time, from mobile phone data (MPD). The COVID-19 initiative has confirmed that more methodological investments are needed to increase relevance of and trust in these data. We suggest this methodological work should be done in close collaboration between NSIs, MNOs, and research, to construct the most reliable statistical processes. This work requires exploiting raw data, so the research and statistical exemptions present in the general data protection regulation (GDPR) should be introduced as well in the new e-privacy regulation. We also raise the challenges of articulating commercial and public interest rationales and articulating transparency and commercial secrets requirements. Finally, it elaborates on the role NSIs can play in the MPD valorization ecosystem.
En août 2015, la ville de Paris a renforcé son dispositif d’encadrement des loyers. Les nouveaux loyers ne devaient pas dépasser un certain plafond, défini comme le loyer au mètre carré médian par catégorie (nombre de pièces, grand quartier et époque de construction) majoré de 20 %. Cet article analyse l’impact de ce nouveau dispositif. On montre que l’encadrement n’a été que partiellement respecté : 20 % des loyers se situent au-dessus des plafonds après août 2015. On démontre ensuite que le dispositif d’encadrement est distorsif. Le calcul des plafonds est distinct par nombre de pièces mais ne tient pas compte du fait que des logements disposant du même nombre de pièces peuvent avoir des surfaces très différentes. Ainsi, les logements à petite surface par pièce (ou logements à petites pièces) sont plus contraints par les plafonds. En conséquence, seuls les loyers de ces logements diminuent après la mise en place de l’encadrement.
The municipality of Paris decided in August 2015 to renew its approach to rent control. New rents were not to exceed a given ceiling, being capped at the median rent per square metre plus 20%, for each category of dwelling (number of rooms, neighbourhood, and period of construction). This paper analyses the effects of the policy. We showthat the ceilingmet with only partial compliance, as 20% of rents exceeded the ceiling after August 2015. We then demonstrate the distortive effect of the rent control design. Ceilings were based on the number of rooms and failed to recognise that floor area can vary widely between dwellings with the same number of rooms. Dwellings with small rooms were more constrained by the rent ceilings, and were the only dwellings for which rents fell following implementation of the new controls.
L’amende forfaitaire délictuelle (AFD) pour usage de stupéfiants a été mise en place en France en 2020 pour renforcer la lutte contre les drogues. Cette réforme permet aux services de sécurité d’adresser directement sur le lieu de l’infraction une amende aux usagers de stupéfiants majeurs plutôt que d’ouvrir une procédure en commissariat de police ou en brigade de gendarmerie qui serait transmise ensuite à la justice. Grâce aux données exhaustives du ministère de l’Intérieur recensant tous les auteurs présumés liés aux stupéfiants enregistrés en France par les services de police et de gendarmerie, on estime que la mise en place des AFD conduit à une forte augmentation des mis en cause pour usage seul de stupéfiants (+39 %), qui s’accompagne d’une forte baisse de la proportion (-50 %) et du volume (-5 700) de mis en cause mineurs en 2021. Ces évolutions sont très contrastées selon les départements.
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