Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) wild clones and cultivarswere assessed for antioxidant activities, anthocyanin content, and for genetic variability using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Four ISSR primers generated 113 polymorphic bands in 34 clones and eight cultivars. Cluster analysis by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) separated the 41 genotypes into three main clusters, and identified the one remaining clone as an outlier. Within one cluster, the genotypes tended to form subclusters that were in agreement with a principal coordinate (PCO) analysis. Geographical distribution based on country of collection explained 12% of the total variation as revealed by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Antioxidant activity and anthocyanin content were higher in the berries of clones belonging to V. vitis-idaea ssp. minus than those of the V. vitis-idaea ssp. vitis-idaea cultivars. The UPGMA clustering for chemical markers with 11 clones and seven cultivars identified two major clusters and one outlier. The ISSR markers and analyses of antioxidant activities and anthocyanin contents detected a sufficient degree of polymorphism to differentiate among lingonberries, making this technology valuable for germplasm management, and more efficient choices of parents in current lingonberry breeding programs.

No abstract

Abstract:When planning a sea outfall pipe design, the basic data gathering turns out to be a very fussy task because of the complexity of the marine environment. In case where basic data are not enough, With a theoretical approach, based on Stokes' model of heave, it is possible to obtain some information about the waves' dimensions, the breaking zone next to the seashore, and the drift phenomenon which is responsible for the pollutants' dissemination. But, almost of outfall pipe designers resort to numerical modelling tools to visualize sea currents and outflow evolution without required basic data. Waiting for reliable data gathering, we suggest to create a "Mediterranean Existing Outfall Pipe Observatory" that would provide more information about their functioning and give more help about future sea out fall pipe design. Mots-clés :Protection du littoral -Emissaire en mer -Dimensionnement -Houle -DilutionModèles