Constraints on the amount and pattern of ground deformation induced by dike emplacement are important for assessing potential eruptions. The vast majority of ground deformation inversions made for volcano monitoring during volcanic unrest assume that dikes are emplaced in either an elastic-half space (a homogeneous crust) or a crust made of horizontal layers with different mechanical properties. Here, we extend these models by designing a novel set of two-dimensional Finite Element Method numerical simulations that consider dike-induced surface deformations related to a mechanically heterogeneous crust with inclined layers, thus modelling a common geometry in stratovolcanoes and crustal segments that have been folded by tectonic forces. Our results confirm that layer inclination can produce localized ground deformations which may be up to 40 times higher in terms of deformation magnitude than would be expected in a non-layered model, depending on the angle of inclination and the stiffness of the rock units that host, and are adjacent to the dike. Generated asymmetrical deformation patterns produce deformation peaks located as much as 1.4 km away from those expected in non-layered models. These results highlight the necessity to accurately quantify both the mechanical properties and attitude of the geology underlying active volcanoes.

<p>Extended information about the numerical model setup (text and Figures S1 and S2), a geological map for Figures 1E and 1D (Figure S3), extended results (text and Figures S4-S19) and datasets (surface displacement data in 36 Excel files and 5 COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4 files) with an explanatory text for each one. </p>

<p>Extended information about the numerical model setup (text and Figures S1 and S2), a geological map for Figures 1E and 1D (Figure S3), extended results (text and Figures S4-S19) and datasets (surface displacement data in 36 Excel files and 5 COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4 files) with an explanatory text for each one. </p>