Although substantive agreement exists on the role of climate variability and food scarcity in increasing violence, a limited number of studies have investigated how food resources affect violent conflict. This article explores the complex linkages between climate variability, agricultural production and conflict onset, by focusing on the spatial distribution of crop production in a cross-country setting. We hypothesize that spatial differences in crop production within countries are a relevant factor in shaping the impact of climate variability on conflict in agriculturally -dependent countries. To test this hypothesis, we rely on high-resolution global gridded data on the local yield of four main crops for the period 1982–2015 and aggregate the grid-cell information on crop production to compute an empirical indicator of the spatial concentration of agricultural production within countries. Our results show that the negative impacts of climate variability lead to an increase in the spatial concentration of agricultural production within countries. In turn, the combined effect of climate extremes and crop production concentration increases the predicted probability of conflict onset by up to 14% in agriculturally dependent countries.

In this paper, w e investigate w hether exposure to adverse experiences during childhood such as physical and em otional abuse affects a set of health and socio-econom ic outcom es across the lifespan using recent E uropean data from SH A R E (T he Survey of H ealth, A geing and R etirem ent in E urope). T he novelty of our approach consists in exploiting the recently published data on adverse childhood experiences for 19 SH A R E countries, w hich enables us to account for country-specific heterogeneity and investigate the long-run effects of exposure to early-life adverse circum stances on different adult outcom es. O ur results highlight a negative long-term effect of exposure to adverse childhood experiences -A C E s on risky behaviour such as sm oking, as w ell as on socio-econom ic outcom es like unem ploym ent and fam ily dissolution. AbstractIn this paper, we investigate whether exposure to adverse experiences during childhood such as physical and emotional abuse affects a set of health and socio-economic outcomes across the lifespan using recent European data from SHARE (The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe). The novelty of our approach consists in exploiting the recently published data on adverse childhood experiences for 19 SHARE countries, which enables us to account for country-specific heterogeneity and investigate the long-run effects of exposure to early-life adverse circumstances on different adult outcomes. Our results highlight a negative long-term effect of exposure to adverse childhood experiences -ACEs on risky behaviour such as smoking, as well as on socio-economic outcomes like unemployment and family dissolution.

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