No abstract

The quality and health of surface waters can be impaired by sediment and sediment-bound phosphorus (P). The Waituna Lagoon catchment in southern New Zealand has undergone agricultural intensification that has been linked to increases in sediment and sediment-bound bioavailable P (BAP) in the lagoon. Time-integrated samplers trapped suspended sediment from the water column, and their geochemical signature was compared with likely sources (stream banks, stream beds, topsoil, and subsoil) in each of the lagoon's contributing streams and rivers. The proportion of BAP, but not necessarily total P, within trapped sediment was much greater in samples from the Moffat and Carran Creeks than from the Waituna Creek, probably due to the erosion of organic-rich soils that had little capacity to retain P compared with the more mineral soils of the Waituna Creek. Annually, most BAP and sediment came from bank erosion, and strategies such as fencing out stock should focus on minimizing this throughout the catchment. However, when considering losses in space and time relative to the impact on the Waituna Lagoon, strategies the Waituna Creek catchment should also minimize contributions from topsoil in winter-spring, whereas in the Carran and Moffat Creek catchments strategies need to decrease P inputs (e.g., effluent) to Organic soils likely to lose much BAP in summer-autumn when the impact on the Lagoon is quickest. This study highlighted the need to identify sources and timings of BAP and sediment loss before recommending mitigation practices, which without this information may be slow or not succeed.

Phosphorus (P) loss from land can impair surface water quality. Aluminum sulfate (alum)‐treated, compared with untreated, manure or slurry decreases P loss when applied to land; our hypothesis was that alum may also decrease P loss when directly applied to grassland grazed by dairy cows. A rainfall simulation showed that alum decreased mean concentrations of filterable reactive P (FRP) by 25 to 70% and total P (TP) by 20 to 40%, depending on soil P, Al, and Fe concentration and alum application rate. Using these factors, we predicted that FRP losses would be significantly less from alum‐treated grasslands than from untreated grasslands for 70 to 96 d. A 14‐mo field trial compared runoff P losses from plots that received 0, 25, and 50 kg Al ha−1 applied within a week of grazing by dairy cattle in spring. Runoff‐weighted concentrations (and loads) of FRP and TP decreased in alum‐treated plots by 47 to 52% and 25 to 34%, respectively. At US$157 to US$944 kg−1 P mitigated, cost‐effectiveness was estimated as medium to low compared with existing strategies for mitigating P loss in dairy farms but could be improved if applied to critical source areas of P loss. However, additional work, such as determining the need for repeat applications, is required before alum can be recommended to decrease P losses from grazed grassland.

Water treatment residues (WTR), the by-products of the production of potable water, are chemically benign, inorganic materials which are suitable for disposal by land application, though they are frequently reported to have high phosphorus (P) sorption capacities. An understanding of the distribution of inherent P in WTR is, however, required, if sorption-desorption processes are to be correctly interpreted. The aim of this investigation was to characterise the chemical properties relevant to P-sorption/desorption processes of 15 South African WTR and to determine the inherent distribution of P within the WTR using a chemical fractionation procedure. The pH, exchangeable Ca and organic carbon content ranged from 4.77 to 8.37, 238 to 8 980 mg·kg -1 and 0.50 to 11.6 g·100 g , respectively. Mechanisms of P-retention are residue specific, being dependent on the chemical properties of the WTR. Elevated Ca and amorphous Al and Fe concentrations did, nevertheless, suggest that all residues had the capacity to adsorb high amounts of P and to retain this P in forms unavailable for plant uptake.