In many sequential decision-making problems, the goal is to optimize a utility function while satisfying a set of constraints on different utilities. This learning problem is formalized through Constrained Markov Decision Processes (CMDPs). In this paper, we investigate the explorationexploitation dilemma in CMDPs. While learning in an unknown CMDP, an agent should trade-off exploration to discover new information about the MDP, and exploitation of the current knowledge to maximize the reward while satisfying the constraints. While the agent will eventually learn a good or optimal policy, we do not want the agent to violate the constraints too often during the learning process. In this work, we analyze two approaches for learning in CMDPs. The first approach leverages the linear formulation of CMDP to perform optimistic planning at each episode. The second approach leverages the dual formulation (or saddle-point formulation) of CMDP to perform incremental, optimistic updates of the primal and dual variables. We show that both achieves sublinear regret w.r.t. the main utility while having a sublinear regret on the constraint violations. That being said, we highlight a crucial difference between the two approaches; the linear programming approach results in stronger guarantees than in the dual formulation based approach.

This paper is about the exploitation of Lipschitz continuity properties for Markov Decision Processes to safely speed up policy-gradient algorithms. Starting from assumptions about the Lipschitz continuity of the state-transition model, the reward function, and the policies considered in the learning process, we show that both the expected return of a policy and its gradient are Lipschitz continuous w.r.t. policy parameters. By leveraging such properties, we define policy-parameter updates that guarantee a performance improvement at each iteration. The proposed methods are empirically evaluated and compared to other related approaches using different configurations of three popular control scenarios: the linear quadratic regulator, the mass-spring-damper system and the ship-steering control.

We study the problem of learning in the stochastic shortest path (SSP) setting, where an agent seeks to minimize the expected cost accumulated before reaching a goal state. We design a novel model-based algorithm EB-SSP that carefully skews the empirical transitions and perturbs the empirical costs with an exploration bonus to guarantee both optimism and convergence of the associated value iteration scheme. We prove that EB-SSP achieves the minimax regret rate O(B √ SAK), where K is the number of episodes, S is the number of states, A is the number of actions and B bounds the expected cumulative cost of the optimal policy from any state, thus closing the gap with the lower bound. Interestingly, EB-SSP obtains this result while being parameter-free, i.e., it does not require any prior knowledge of B , nor of T which bounds the expected time-to-goal of the optimal policy from any state. Furthermore, we illustrate various cases (e.g., positive costs, or general costs when an order-accurate estimate of T is available) where the regret only contains a logarithmic dependence on T , thus yielding the first horizon-free regret bound beyond the finite-horizon MDP setting.

In many fields such as digital marketing, healthcare, finance, and robotics, it is common to have a well-tested and reliable baseline policy running in production (e.g., a recommender system). Nonetheless, the baseline policy is often suboptimal. In this case, it is desirable to deploy online learning algorithms (e.g., a multi-armed bandit algorithm) that interact with the system to learn a better/optimal policy under the constraint that during the learning process the performance is almost never worse than the performance of the baseline itself. In this paper, we study the conservative learning problem in the contextual linear bandit setting and introduce a novel algorithm, the Conservative Constrained LinUCB (CLUCB2). We derive regret bounds for CLUCB2 that match existing results and empirically show that it outperforms state-of-the-art conservative bandit algorithms in a number of synthetic and real-world problems. Finally, we consider a more realistic constraint where the performance is verified only at predefined checkpoints (instead of at every step) and show how this relaxed constraint favorably impacts the regret and empirical performance of CLUCB2.

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