No abstract

Globally, there is emerging evidence that drugs policing is moving away from traditional enforcement interventions towards a greater focus on harm reduction. Signs of a shift include alternatives to criminalisation in the form of police-led diversion schemes. This article examines the extent to which new directions in drugs policing reflect changes in police culture. The key change under consideration is police desistance from criminalising people who use drugs. Another aim is to advance theoretical debates into the factors affecting cultural change in police organisations. Drawing on an extensive qualitative study of challenges, innovation and reform in drugs policing across England and Wales, the findings capture the transformative effect of certain experiences on the values police officers hold and how they understand and make sense of drug problems, their role and impact. It is argued that further insights into cultural change can be gained by drawing on the concept of turning points from life-course criminology and desistance research. The findings also reveal how changes in the field of policing have fostered and facilitated changes in police culture and practice. A policy implication of this study is that cultural change could be furthered through experiential learning and critical reflective practice approaches to police education.

This article examines the control practices used in drug treatment services to regulate the behaviour of people with drug problems. Drawing on an extensive qualitative study, we developed a conceptual framework, integrating the notion of responsive regulation with Wrong’s sociology of power. The picture that emerges is of a complex ‘web of controls’, combining diverse forms of power and control techniques, used to steer action and shape behavioural outcomes. It is argued that we can understand these control practices within drug treatment as part of broader strategies for the social regulation of the poor, built on deep-rooted hybrids of punishment and welfare. The article concludes with the suggestion that drug treatment represents an important site for understanding penal power today.

This paper introduces an innovative approach to low-energy-low-carbon design for a new hospital in the UK. This innovation is achieved through an analysis of hospital operational policies and the impact of them on this performance. The analysis leads to new information and data, and it will be explained how this has a significant impact on the engineering design for the hospital's environmental systems. The work is a significant point of departure from conventional design practice, which largely focuses on the asset specification of the facility as a means for the achievement of this performance. There is now clear evidence that demonstrates that UK hospitals are failing to achieve the performance required by the UK Government's Carbon Reduction Commitment and this calls in to question how improved performance can be achieved by improved asset specifications alone. The primary source of this evidence emanates from the National Health Service (NHS) Sustainability Development Unit (2009. Executive summary. In D. Pencheon (Ed.), Saving carbon, improving health (pp. 8-9). Cambridge: NHS Sustainable Development Unit), which reports that actual carbon emissions from hospital buildings are increasing not falling, and that the rate of increase is diametrically opposite to that which is required (subsequent reports confirm this trend). The innovation presented in this paper concerns the development of a new building science called as 'Occupancy Analytics', the objective of which is to address this situation by providing new knowledge about how hospitals are used and then to use this knowledge to transform the engineering design process (and in the future: hospital operational management). The background to Occupancy Analytics is based on the assertion that as it is people that consume energy and not hospital facilities, then we should seek to understand how they are used and in particular how the working practices and processes (operational policies) of use impact energy consumption and carbon emissions. The importance of understanding occupancy is of fundamental importance to building science and has long been recognised as such within the building engineering profession. For example, it is the one major factor that determines the sizing and control of the engineering systems. In this paper, the author sets out the arguments for developing a new understanding of occupancy rather then reliance on formulaic principles (which largely characterises conventional design engineering design practice) that lead to poorly informed engineering solutions, which then lead to poor energy and carbon performance in UK hospitals. Occupancy Analytics has been implemented on a major new acute hospital in the UK. The objective of the implementation has been to establish a new benchmark in hospital energy and carbon performance. It will demonstrate how the development of new knowledge concerning occupancy should lead to a radical improvement in hospital performance. The results of the work undertaken so far have been substantial in their imp...

The global pattern of implementing proactive policing to address crime and insecurity continues to drive undercover techniques, including the deployment of police informants. Our aim in this article is to reflect upon research on informants policing, setting out a more comprehensive agenda that appreciates the moral significance and power dynamics at play. Our starting point is that this practice embodies immense moral and emotional tension, both for the police officer and the informant. However, these deeper aspects have been largely underestimated by scholars. Research can garner new insights by conceptualizing the tactic in terms of vulnerability, morality and emotional labour.