We present numerical and experimental studies of the conversion of tidal motions of an exponentially stratified fluid over two-dimensional knife edge, Gaussian, and complex bottom topography to radiated internal waves in a model of the deep ocean. We compare the radiated internal wave power for cases of strong stratification, where the buoyancy frequency profile N(z) (proportional to the square root of the density gradient) is much larger than the tidal frequency x, to the power radiated for weak stratifications. We consider particularly internal wave generation for topography below a turning depth z td , where Nðz td Þ5x; for z < z td , internal waves are evanescent. We find that topography below a turning depth does generate internal waves that propagate for z > z td , although the radiated power in these waves is much weaker than in cases without turning depths. The radiated power is predicted well by prior analytical theory if the nonuniform stratification is averaged over depths spanning from the bottom boundary up to an effective height z eff . In the absence of a turning depth, we find z eff is approximately equal to the height of the topography, indicating that only the stratification for depths spanned by the topography is relevant. However, in the presence of a turning depth, the vertical scale of the internal tide becomes larger, and z eff increases approximately linearly with the turning depth height toward values comparable to the total fluid depth.

Consumers check few sites in online purchases. Previous research and experiments we perform demonstrate that consumers can not calculate the optimal strategy for price search. They use heuristics whose performance is better than random and less than optimal. To investigate online price search performance we survey student online textbook purchases. Students achieve good performance because they start with a good strategy and online market organization of marketplace and meta-search sites. An important factor is that algorithms at sites searched perform calculations that reduce the computational complexity of the search.

Consumer theory, Decision aids, Experiment, D1, D8, C9, C8,