Plant roots constantly secrete compounds into the soil to interact with neighboring organisms presumably to gain certain functional advantages at different stages of development. Accordingly, it has been hypothesized that the phytochemical composition present in the root exudates changes over the course of the lifespan of a plant. Here, root exudates of in vitro grown Arabidopsis plants were collected at different developmental stages and analyzed using GC-MS. Principle component analysis revealed that the composition of root exudates varied at each developmental stage. Cumulative secretion levels of sugars and sugar alcohols were higher in early time points and decreased through development. In contrast, the cumulative secretion levels of amino acids and phenolics increased over time. The expression in roots of genes involved in biosynthesis and transportation of compounds represented in the root exudates were consistent with patterns of root exudation. Correlation analyses were performed of the in vitro root exudation patterns with the functional capacity of the rhizosphere microbiome to metabolize these compounds at different developmental stages of Arabidopsis grown in natural soils. Pyrosequencing of rhizosphere mRNA revealed strong correlations (p<0.05) between microbial functional genes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids and secondary metabolites with the corresponding compounds released by the roots at particular stages of plant development. In summary, our results suggest that the root exudation process of phytochemicals follows a developmental pattern that is genetically programmed.

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This review explores a coevolutionary framework for the study and management of disease-suppressive soil microbial communities. Because antagonistic microbial interactions are especially important to disease suppression, conceptual, theoretical, and empirical work on antagonistic coevolution and its relevance to disease suppression is reviewed. In addition, principles of coevolution are used to develop specific predictions regarding the drivers of disease-suppressive potential in soil microbial communities and to highlight important areas for future research. This approach brings an evolutionary perspective to microbial community management and emphasizes the role of species interactions among indigenous nonpathogenic microbes in developing and maintaining disease-suppressive activities in soil.

SummaryIt is known that environmental factors can affect the biosynthesis of leaf metabolites. Similarly, specific pairwise plant-microbe interactions modulate the plant's metabolome by stimulating production of phytoalexins and other defense-related compounds. However, there is no information about how different soil microbiomes could affect the plant growth and the leaf metabolome.We analyzed experimentally how diverse soil microbiomes applied to the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana were able to modulate plant growth and the leaf metabolome, as assessed by GC-MS analyses. Further, we determined the effects of soil microbiome-driven changes in leaf metabolomics on the feeding behavior of Trichopulsia ni larvae.Soil microbiomes differentially impacted plant growth patterns as well as leaf metabolome composition. Similarly, most microbiome-treated plants showed inhibition to larvae feeding, compared with unamended control plants. Pyrosequencing analysis was conducted to determine the soil microbial composition and diversity of the soils used in this study.Correlation analyses were performed to determine relationships between various factors (soil microbial taxa, leaf chemical components, plant growth patterns and insect feeding behavior) and revealed that leaf amino acid content was positively correlated with both microbiome composition and insect feeding behavior.