Vision is an important aspect of a child’s quality of life and intellectual, social, and emotional development. Disruptions to vision during infancy and early childhood can cause lifelong vision impairment or blindness. However, early identification and treatment of eye disease can prevent loss of sight and its consequent long-term effects. Therefore, screening guidelines exist to guide physicians in detecting the most common threats to sight in the different stages of infancy and childhood. This review describes common causes of pediatric vision impairment, the recommended screening guidelines for diagnosing them, and current treatment modalities.

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In this work, eye protection for mitigating the soccer ball ocular injuries were delineated with computational models. The retinal injuries and the risk of globe rupture were evaluated in terms of the stress in the posterior retinal layer and the intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement at the center of the vitreous. The mechanism of the eye protection with goggles was quantified in terms of impact indentation and velocity caused at the contact location in the eyeball. Results have shown that both polycarbonate and acrylic goggles can significantly reduce the stress in the retina and IOP at the center of the vitreous by more than 50%. The polycarbonate (PC) goggles remained intact and bounced backward during impact, leading to smaller impact indentation and velocity in the contact region in the eyeball, compared to the fractured acrylic goggles. These findings may be due to the larger fracture toughness modulus of PC compared to acrylic, indicating that the fracture toughness modulus could be an important parameter for the material selection in protection design. The soccer ball-goggles interaction indicate that the local deformation of soccer ball, i.e., backward bending, plays an important role in the eye protection. These mechanistic understandings could serve as a guidance for the eye protection design.

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