Introduction: ''Endotheliopathy of trauma'' is recognized as endothelial dysfunction following traumatic injury leading to poor patient outcomes. Acute post-traumatic disruptions in endothelial cell function have been associated with profound physiologic, hemodynamic, and coagulation derangements. The goal of this study was to define the generation and extent of endotheliopathy in murine polytrauma models by evaluating the post-traumatic release of serum biomarkers of ongoing cellular injury. Methods: Mice were randomized to undergo moderately severe concussive TBI by weight drop, 60-min hemorrhagic shock to MAP 25 mmHg with subsequent resuscitation with Lactated Ringer's, submandibular bleed (SMB), and/or midline laparotomy with rectus muscle crush. Mice were sacrificed at 1, 4, or 24 h for serum biomarker evaluation. Results: Serum biomarkers revealed differential timing of elevation and injury-dependent release. At 24 h, soluble thrombomodulin was significantly elevated in combined TBI þ shock þ lap crush compared to untouched, and shock alone. Syndecan-1 levels were significantly elevated after shock 1 to 24 h compared to untouched cohorts with a significant elevation in TBI þ shock þ lap crush 24 h after injury compared to shock alone. UCHL-1 was significantly elevated in shock mice at 1 to 24 h post-injury compared to untouched mice. UCHL-1 was also significantly elevated in the TBI þ shock cohort 24 h after injury compared to shock alone. Hyaluronic acid release at 4 h was significantly elevated in shock alone compared to the untouched cohort with further elevations in TBI þ shock þ lap crush and TBI þ shock compared to shock alone at 24 h. Hyaluronic acid was also increased in lap crush and laparotomy onlycohort compared to untouched mice 24 h after injury. Conclusions: A murine model of polytrauma including TBI, hemorrhagic shock, and laparotomy abdominal crush is a reliable method for evaluation of endotheliopathy secondary to trauma as indicated by differential changes in serum biomarkers.

The solubility of methyl, ethyl, and butyl parabens (4-hydroxybenzoate) in water was determined at (298, 373, 423, and 473) K using a homemade heating/mixing system and by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. The solubility increased for all three parabens studied when water temperature was raised from 298 K to 423 K. However, the solubility decreased with a further temperature increase from 423 K to 473 K. This was due to the degradation of parabens at 473 K as revealed by a separate study. A new model was developed to guide the estimation of paraben solubility in subcritical water. The solubility values predicted using this new model compare reasonably well with our experimental values. ■ INTRODUCTIONSubcritical water has been used as a green separation fluid for both extraction 1−5 and chromatography. 6−9 Recently, chromatographic separations of preservatives, sunscreens, and niacinamide in skincare products using subcritical water as the mobile phase have been reported. 10−12 However, organic solubility in subcritical water is largely unknown. To promote and develop green subcritical water extraction and chromatography technologies, fundamental data such as the solubility of analytes in water at elevated temperatures are critically needed.In this work, we studied the solubility of methyl, ethyl, and butyl parabens (4-hydroxybenzoate) in water at temperatures ranging from 298 K to 473 K. A homemade system was used to carry out the solubility experiments. The experimental solubility data of this work was then compared with values predicated using existing solubility models. 13−15 Unfortunately, none of these models 13−15 yields favorable predictions for solubility of all three paraben studied. Thus, we developed a new model that can reasonably predict the solubility of parabens in hightemperature water.

Routine follow up imaging after splenic injury identifies splenic artery pseudoaneurysm in a significant proportion of patients. Standardized surveillance imaging promotes prospective identification of pseudoaneurysms, allowing for interventions to maximize splenic salvage.