No abstract

Compound words are formed by combining free lexemes into a single lexicalized expression. Few rules govern this lexical-conceptual "evolution." In English, lexicographers find new compounds by examining popular usage-that is, words used together relatively often to denote a specific concept. Most compounds become "solid"-that is, are written as spatially unified expressions-but others are written with a blank space between the lexeme constituents or are hyphenated. One central question in the study of compound recognition has been whether the spatial and conceptual unification of solid compounds is reversed during the recognition process-that is, whether the constituents of the comp pound are discerned and accessed before the overall word is recognized. The bulk of the available empirical evidence indicates that such decomposition indeed takes place.Experimental effects of compound decomposition have b been obtained when either individually presented compound words or words related to compound word primes were to b be named or classified (see, e.g., Coolen, van Jaarsveld, & Schreuder, 1991, 1993Inhoff & Topolski, 1994;Laudanna, Badecker, & Caramazza, 1989;Libben, Derwing, & de Almeida, 1999;Lima & Pollatsek, 1983;Prinzmetal, 1990;Prinzmetal, Hoffman, & Vest, 1991;Sandra, 1990;Shillcock, 1990;Taft, 1985;Taft & Forster, 1976;van Jaarsveld & Rattink, 1988;Zwitserlood, 1994). Decompositional effects have also been obtained when compound words were viewed during sentence reading (Andrews, Miller, & Rayner, 2004;Bertram & Hyönä, 2003;Hyönä & Pollatsek, 1998;Inhoff, Briihl, & Schwartz, 1996;Inhoff, Radach, & Heller, 2000;Juhasz, 2007;Juhasz, Inhoff, & Rayner, 2005;Juhasz, Starr, Inhoff, & Placke, 2003;Pollatsek, Hyönä, & Bertram, 2000). In Hyönä and Pollatsek's influential study, readers spent less time viewing spatially unified Finnish compounds with high-frequency beginning lexemes than viewing matched compounds with low-frequency beginning lexemes. The frequency of the beginning lexeme influenced compound reading at a relatively early stage; d that is, the first-fixation duration was shorter when a solid compound contained a high-frequency beginning lexeme. A follow-up study, Pollatsek et d al. (2000), further showed that both the word frequency of the second lexeme and the frequency of the full compound word influenced compound viewing and that these two frequency effects emerged at approximately the same time, after the first fixation on a com r -pound word. Readers thus discern the constituent lexemes of spatially unified long Finnish compound words and use these lexemes progressively in a time-locked manner.Decomposition of compound words may assist the accessing of orthographic word forms. The orthographic form of a constituent lexeme is less complex and is generally much more common and familiar than the orthot graphic form of the full compound. Lexical search that proceeds from relatively simple and familiar lexeme forms to the full compound form could thus be more effective than lexical search using only the...

There is a small but growing literature on the perception of natural acoustic events, but few attempts have been made to investigate complex sounds not systematically controlled within a laboratory setting. The present study investigates listeners' ability to make judgments about the posture (upright-stooped) of the walker who generated acoustic stimuli contrasted on each trial. We use a comprehensive three-stage approach to event perception, in which we develop a solid understanding of the source event and its sound properties, as well as the relationships between these two event stages. Developing this understanding helps both to identify the limitations of common statistical procedures and to develop effective new procedures for investigating not only the two information stages above, but also the decision strategies employed by listeners in making source judgments from sound. The result is a comprehensive, ultimately logical, but not necessarily expected picture of both the source-sound-perception loop and the utility of alternative research tools.

In this study, we use first-principles molecular dynamics simulations to explore the behavior of anhydrous aluminosilicate melt with a stoichiometry of NaAlSi2O6 up to pressures of ∼30 GPa and temperatures between 2500 and 4000 K. We also examine the effect of water (∼4 wt % H2O) on the equation of state and transport properties of the aluminosilicate melt and relate them to atomistic scale changes in the melt structure. Our results show that water reduces the density and bulk modulus of the anhydrous melt. However, the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus of the hydrous melt is larger than that of the anhydrous melt. The pressure dependence of the transport property exhibits an anomalous behavior. At a pressure of ∼12 GPa, anhydrous aluminosilicate melts exhibit maxima in diffusion and minima in viscosity. Dissolved water in melts also affects both diffusion and viscosity. In hydrous aluminosilicate melts, the maxima in diffusion and the minima in viscosity occur at ∼14 GPa. The anomalous behavior of transport properties is related to the pressure-induced changes in the melt structure. At shallower depths, i.e., up to 100 km, relevant for subduction zone settings, the lower density compounded by the lower viscosity of hydrous aluminosilicate melts is likely to provide buoyancy for upward migration. At greater depths of ∼180–200 km, greater compressibility of the hydrous aluminosilicate melts together with the minimum viscosity could hinder magma migration and may explain the presence of a partial melt layer at the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary.

Participants read sentences with two types of target nouns, one that did and one that did not require a determiner to form a legal verb-noun phrase sequence. Sentences were presented with and without the critical determiner to create a local noun integration difficulty when a required determiner was missing. The absence of a required determiner did not influence 1st-pass reading of the verb, the noun, and the posttarget word. It did, however, have a profound effect on 2nd-pass reading. All three words were a likely target of a regression when a required determiner was missing, and the noun and the posttarget word were likely sources of a regression. These results are consistent with novel E-Z reader model assumptions, according to which identification of the noun should be followed by its integration, and integration difficulties can lead to the initiation of a regression to the noun. However, integration difficulties influenced eye movements earlier and later than predicted by the new model.